Psychology 11 Flashcards by MIKAIL BIN ABD MOKMIN

Whereas for psychologist such as Burger (2005) defined personality as

“consistent behavior patterns” and “intrapersonal processes originating within the individual”

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Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns thoughts and feelings. Who said this?

Gordon Allport, 1961

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Name 4 personality assesments

Interviews
Observation
Objective personality test or inventories*
Projective test (assess how people project unconscious conflicts in their responses to examination).

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Psychologist uses direct behavioral observation with set of evaluation guidelines. What is the assesment called?

Observation

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Ask test-takers to self report on paper and pencil questionnaires or inventories. The test consist of over 500 statements that participant respond to with true, false or cannot say. Although there are many ‘normal’ question on the full MMPI, the test is designed primarily for clinical and counseling psychologist to diagnose psychological disorder.*

This falls under Objective personality test or inventories*. What test is this?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) *

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In 1921 Herman Rorschach devised the Rorschach Inkblot Test i) Rorschach Inkblot test – consists of ten inkblots, originally developed by spilling ink on paper and folding the paper in half. (5 of the blots are in black, white and shades of gray and the other 5 are in color). ii) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) consist of a series black and white ambiguous pictures. Frequently used to measure achievement motivation, as well as for personality assessment. What test is this?

Projective test * (assess how people project unconscious conflicts in their responses to examination).

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a relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone. What is it?

Trait

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(blank) described personality as a relationship between three basic types of traits
-extroversion (sociable)
-introversion (reserved)
-Neuroticism (nervous, moody, emotionally unstable)
-Psychotism

Hans Eysenck

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(blank) arranged traits in hierarchy The most important and pervasive traits were listed at the top and the least important at the bottom.

Gordon Allport

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Later psychologist reduced the wide array of possible personality traits with a statistical technique called factor analysis. (blank) Condensed the list of traits to 30 –35 basic traits.

Raymond Cattel

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This model may not accurately capture the complexity and subtleties of human personality
Disagreement about the structure of the five factor model of personality (Some studies did find patterns that do not fit well within the five factor structure). These are criticisms for?
The five factors do not always look the same when one study is compared to another.
Problem with the subscales (Scales designed to measure the Big Five personality dimensions usually combine subscales measuring anxiety with subscales measuring depression as part of the global dimension Neuroticism (Briggs, 1989))

Big Five Model

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What is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

The power of the unconscious

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Thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering. What level of conscious is this?

Conscious

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Thoughts or motives that one can become aware of easily. What level of conscious is this?

Preconscious

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Thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person’s normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis. What level of conscious is this?

Unconscious

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(primary-process thought – primitive, irrational and fantasy oriented) The source of instinctual energy, which works on the pleasure principle. and is concerned with immediate gratification. What personality structure is this?

Id (primary-process thought – primitive, irrational and fantasy oriented)

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The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality (reality principle by controlling the Id, while also satisfying the superego. What personality structure is this?

Ego (secondary process thought – rational and realistic)

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The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards for morality. What personality structure is this?

Superego (idealistic principle)

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The superego has 2 parts; which are

i) Conscience – arises from value and morale
ii) Ego ideal – ideal behaviors, types of individual by superego

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What is defense mechanism?

unconscious reactions* that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety and guilt.

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Forget the name of someone you don’t like. What defense mechanism is this?

Repression (motivated forgetting)

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A composer or artist may rechanel sexual desires into creations that are valued by society. What defense mechanism is this?

sublimation

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Alcoholics refusing to admit their addiction What defense mechanism is this?

denial

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Justifying cheating on an exam by saying ‘everyone else does it’. What defense mechanism is this?

rationalization

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Becoming unreasonably jealous of your mate while denying your own attraction to others. What defense mechanism is this?

projection

Promoting a petition against adult bookstores even though you are secretly fascinated by pornography. What defense mechanism is this?

Reaction formation

Adult, may revert to childish behaviors when they do not get what they want. What defense mechanism is this?

Regression

Yelling at a coworker after being criticized by your boss. What defense mechanism is this?

displacement

Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development is called...

Psychosexual stages:

Psychosexual stages has 5 which issss

– Oral Stage: birth-18 months – Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs – Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs – Latency Stage: 6 yrs- puberty – Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood

Infants and toddlers derive pleasure primarily through their most sensitive area, the mouth (biting, sucking, chewing). Oral eroticism -sucking and eating predominate; cheerful, dependent, and needy; expects to be taken care of by others Oral sadism-Biting and chewing predominate; tends to be cynical and cruel. So what is this stage of personality called?

Oral (birth –age 2 )

When the child is potty trained and learns to derive pleasure from urination and defecation.(children derive pleasure from the elimination of bodily wastes) Anal-retentive –excessively neat, clean, meticulous and obsessive Anal-expulsive –moody, sarcastic, biting and often aggressive; untidy in personal habits. So what is this stage of personality called?

Anal (ages 2 –4 )

The most controversial. Children discover their sexual differences as they derive pleasure from self-stimulation. This stage can give rise to Oedipus conflict (for males)*and electraconflicts (for females),in which young children have unconscious incestuous desires for the opposite-sex parent (boys fall in love with their mothers and fear of their fathers. Girls fall in love with their fathers and afraid of their mothers). At this stage little girl learn that their genitals are very different from those of little boys and they supposedly develop ‘penis envy’. So what is this stage of personality called?

Phallic (ages 4 –6)

Boys typically play with boys, and girls with girls. Sexual interest is low or nonexistent. So what is this stage of personality called?

Latency (middle childhood)

When the individual develops a mature relationship with a partner (opposite-sex age mate). So what is this stage of personality called?

Genital (adolescence through adulthood)

who suggested that many experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a will-to-power?

Adler

who proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes ?

Jung

who developed concept of basic anxiety?

Horney

Neo-freudian (Alfred Adler -Freud’s earliest students Birth order and personality) (blank) tend to be independent and may seek to regain attention through achievements. On the other hands, become insecure, cautious and defensive adults.

1stborn

Neo-freudian (Alfred Adler -Freud’s earliest students Birth order and personality) Live in the shadow of the older sibling, feelings of inferiority are intensified. The result can be high achievement and on the negative side, a desire to dominate others.

2ndborn

Neo-freudian (Alfred Adler -Freud’s earliest students Birth order and personality) The most pampered and most likely to be dependent on others. The youngest child can look to older siblings as models for achievement and superiority, but always being younger and weaker.

youngest

Neo-freudian (Alfred Adler -Freud’s earliest students Birth order and personality)

only child

Unconscious consists:

1. Personal unconscious 2. Collective unconscious

what is Personal unconscious?

Individual’s unique experiences and repressed memories.

what is Collective unconscious?

Contains memories and behavioral predispositions inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past.

Jung believed that certain personal archetypes have evolved in ways that make them particularly important in our lives. What are they? GIVE FIVE

1. Pesona 2. Shadow 3. Animus 4. Anima

What is pesona

The part of our personality that we show the world (willing to share with others)

The darker part of us, the things about ourselves we view as frightening, hateful, and even evil; the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from our conscious awareness. What is this called?

Shadow

The side of a man’s personality that shows tenderness, caring, compassion, and warmth toward others, and yet that tends to be irrational and emotional. What is it called?

Animus

The practical, competent side of a woman’s personality that tends to be rational and logical is called?

Anima

What is humanistic theory?

– Personality develops from internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings of basic worth – Human nature is innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment

Who are key figures in humanistic theory?

Rogers and Maslow

If our self-concept is congruent (or matches) with our life *experiences, we generally have high self-esteem and better mental health. Who is behind this theory and what is the theory called?

Carl Rogers; The self-concept theory of personality

In Social Cognitive Theory, personality reflects....

– Individual’s interactions with the environment – How people think about the world and interpret what happens to them

Who are key figures in Social Cognitive Theory?

Bandura and Rotter

The concepts developed by Rotter are internal and external locus of control. What is intenral locus of control?

People believe that their behavior and the consequences of their behaviors are strongly linked (e.g attribute success or failure to themselves).

What is external locus of control?

People see the consequences of their behavior as due to other external causes (e.g more likely to attribute success or failure to other people or things (e.g luck or fate).

What are Three Major Biological Contributors to Personality?

* Brain Structures * Neurochemistry * Genetic Factors

Biological theories of personality focus on the brain, neurochemistry and genetics. Explain brain

e.g, extroversion is associated with increased electrocenphalographic (EEG) activity in the left frontal lobes and introversion in the right frontal lobes.

Biological theories of personality focus on the brain, neurochemistry and genetics. Explain genetics

studies find that parents’ trait correlate moderately with those of their biological children and hardly at all with those of their adopted children.