psychology 12 Flashcards by MIKAIL BIN ABD MOKMIN

What is Psychopathology?

the study of abnormal behavior.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called

Psychological disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, and action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons:

statistical infrequency
disability or dysfunction
personal distress
violation of norms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-adaptive (disability or dysfunction) is

People who suffer from psychological disorders may be unable to get along with others, hold job, eating properly and clean themselves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typically, 4 CRITERIA to label someone abnormal would be

Statistically infrequent
Non-adaptive (disability or dysfunction) . 3. A threat to oneself or others (violation of norms).
Personal distress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Statistically infrequent is

A behavior may be judged abnormal if it occurs infrequently in a given population. E.g washing their hands more than fifty times a day.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provide examples to A threat to oneself or others (violation of norms)*

e.g running amok – wild, out of control, aggressive behaviors and attempts to injure or kill others.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Personal distress focuses on…

he individual’s own judgment of his or her level of functioning. E.g someone who drinks heavily every day may realize it is unhealthy and wish to stop. Unfortunately, many people with true alcohol-dependence disorders deny they have problem.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During the stone age, people believed that…

abnormal behavior resulted from demonic possession. treated by trephining

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The belief that demons cause abnormal behavior was common in

ancient time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in the (blank) the mentally ill were labeled as witches.

Middle ages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During the middle ages, what were used to treat abnormal behaviour?

exorcism, torture, imprisonment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(blank)

believed that physiological pathology of the brain caused by an imbalance of chemicals in the body were happened.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When did Pinel creates inhuman asylums to treat the mentally ill?

18th century

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, 1992) and the Diagnostic and statistical Manual (DSM, 1952) are…

two diagnostic manuals used when clinicians diagnose mental health problems.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After 19 th century, Modern times…

medical model dominance emphasize physiological causes for problem behaviors.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior. NAME THEM ALL

Sosiocultural
Behavioural
Evolutionary
Humanistic
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
Biological

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provides detailed descriptions of symptoms*
contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions (or axes)
They only list the symptoms necessary for a person to be diagnosed with a particular problem.

What the hell is this?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV- TR)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the five Axes of DSM-IV, what fits the thingy below

Includes clinical disorders or the major mental health disorders such as schizophrenic disorders, somatoform disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and others (amnesia, perceptual distortion)

Axis 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the five Axes of DSM-IV, what fits the thingy below

List personality disorders that may coexist with Axis 1 disorders

Axis 2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the five Axes of DSM-IV, what fits the thingy below

List physical disorders that may interact with psychological conditions (asthma, diabetes, heart problem).

Axis 3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the five Axes of DSM-IV, what fits the thingy below

List the severity of psychosocial stressors in the individual’s environment (poverty, single mother).

Axis 4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provides a global assessment of a person’s level of functioning (academic achievement low)

Axis 5

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is anxiety disorders?

Type of abnormal behavior characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

The DSM-V breaks down anxiety disorders into five main groups; 1. Phobias 2. Panic disorder 3. Generalized anxiety disorder

What gender is most likely to suffer from phobias and panic disorder?

Females

What gender is most likely to suffer from ocd?

Males

Phobias are...

Are persistent, irrational and disruptive fears of specific objects (insects, spiders, high places or the dark), social phobias (fear of criticism (public speaking) and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces in marketplace, or fear of going outdoors).

Fear of discomfort arises abruptly and peaks in 10 minutes or less. Persons may experienced autonomic symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pains or dizziness. Individuals may feel that they are going to lose control or even die. What the hell is this?

Panic disorder

(blank) is when sympathetic autonomic symptoms accompany increased levels of anxiety.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

(blank) involves persistent, unwanted fearful thought (obsession) and irresistible urges to person an act or repeat a ritual (compulsion).

Obsessive compulsive disorder

There are two stress disorder. What are they?

1.Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2. Acute stress disorder

(blank) see anxiety as the result of a mismatch between the ideal self and the perceived self. This feeling of failure causes anxiety.

Humanistic explanations

To behavioral theorist, anxieties are often classically conditioned. A fear response simply needs to become associated with a previously neutral stimulus, similar to the conditioning of fear in Watson’s Little Albert. Thus, a dog may be a neutral stimulus until a person is bitten by one. Then, all dogs (via generalization) or just dogs of that breed, will serve as a fearful conditioned stimulus. WHAT EXPLANATION IS THIS?

Learning Theory explanations

Focus on the types of thoughts a person has in response to certain situations. A history of rejection. For instance, may lead to automatically, interprets even neutral cues as negative ones, thus continuing this self-defeating cycle. Therefore, anxiety disorders tend to be self-propagating. what explanation is this?

Cognitive explanations

Insufficient levels of the neurontransmitter GABA. (gamma-aminobutyric acid) lower activity in the inhibitory neurons and thereby increase brain activity; the result is a high level of arousal, which may be experience as anxiety. what explanation is this?

Biological explanations

Psychoanalytic theorists assume that....

abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious.

Behaviorists- see abnormal behavior as....

learned

Cognitive theorists- see abnormal behavior as....

coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought.

MOOD DISORDER is Characterized by.....

extremely sad, low moods, extremely high moods, or large swings from one to the other

There are two types of mood disorders, what are they?

1. Major Depression (unipolar depression) 2. Bipolar disorder (manic depressive disorder)

People with major depression are...

extremely down, discouraged, and feel hopeless. Dysphoria, or extreme sadness, is the major characteristic of major depression. They also may show low self-esteem, loss of motivation, and pessimism.

Bipolar disorder is when....

The manic episodes involve feelings of extreme joy and high energy. Additionally, people in the manic phase have difficulty concentrating and may suffer delusions, which are characterized by beliefs that something is true despite evidence to the contrary.

Group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior; the individual withdraws from people and reality, often into a fantasy life of delusions and hallucinations. What is this

SCHIZOPHRENIA

schizophrenia Symptoms defined as positive, or present include...

delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior

Schizophrenia symptoms that are defined as negative, or missing, include

flat affect (no emotions), ignore, social avoidance, and language deficits.

Characterized by incoherent speech, flat or exaggerated emotions, and social withdrawal. Their are likely to make up words, neologism, or string long chains of words or sounds together in a bizarre way (word salad –smever (salad + clever). WHAT TYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IS THIS?

disorganized

Catatonic

Dominated by delusions (persecutions and grandeur) and hallucinations (hearing voices). Their hallucinations are often auditory and they believe that other people or objects are speaking to them. Those voices may be critical or praiseworthy. WHAT TYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IS THIS?

Paranoid

Meets the criteria for schizophrenia but is not any of the above subtypes. US is probably the most common, but sufferers are less likely to get into trouble than are other schizophrenics. WHAT TYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IS THIS?

Undifferentiated (US)

No longer meets the full criteria for schizophrenia but still shows some symptoms. WHAT TYPE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IS THIS?

Residual

Focus on stress as a trigger for initial episodes and for relapse. Family communications deviance also has been suggested. Studies of family environments suggest that high expressed emotionality may be linked to a worsening and relapse of schizophrenic symptoms. This is an explanation for schizophrenia. What is this specifically?

Psychosocial theory

Disruptions in neurotransmitter (primarily dopamine) causes Schizophrenia and abnormalities in the brain structure or function (such as larger ventricles low levels of activity in the frontal and temporal lobes). This is an explanation for schizophrenia. What is this specifically?

Biological theories

There are three main dissociative disorders. WHAT ARE THEY?

1. Dissociative amnesia 2. Dissociative Fugue 3. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Involves a sudden and severe loss of memory, especially for important items like name, address, and identity of family members. Dissociative Amnesia may follow traumatic event and last from hours to years. Recovery is usually rapid and recidivism is rare. For example, Sirhan Sirhan, Robert Kennedy’s killer, used dissociative amnesia as his legal defense. He claimed that he had no memory of being in the same room as Kennedy. WHAT DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER IS THIS?

Dissociative amnesia

Involves total memory loss and the setting up of a new life, complete with new identity, job, and even family. Sometimes, personality itself may change. The duration of the fugue state is variable. Following recovery, the details of the fugue state are not remembered. WHAT DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER IS THIS?

Dissociative Fugue

Presence of two or more distinct personality system in the same individual at different times; previously known as multiple personality disorder. Such identities are usually first created in childhood in response to a serious trauma such as child abuse. The new identity or identities appear to be better able to deal with these specific situations than is the primary identity. WHAT DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER IS THIS?

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

personality disorders are...

longlasting, consistent, exaggerated and maladaptive, personality characteristic that interfere with a person’s adjustment to everyday situations.

Individuals are suspicious of others, expect bad treatment, and blame others for their personality WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Individuals have difficulty in forming relationships, and are different to others. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are seriously eccentric or bizarre, exhibit magical thinking. This disorder may be a mild form of schizophrenia WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Individuals with this disorder show instability in moods, self-image, and relationship with others WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Borderline personality

Narcisistic individuals are self-important, selfish, self-centered, lack empathy for others, are manipulative, and fantasize about past and future successes. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Narcissistic personality disorder

People with histrionic personality disorder seem to be always ‘on stage’ are attention seeking, are showy but with shallow emotions, and are manipulative and demanding. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Histronic Personality Disorder

Someone with dependent personality disorder avoids relationship for fear of rejection, and has very low self-esteem. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Avoidant personality disorder

People with dependent disorder have low self confidence, and are reluctant to take responsibility for tasks. They subordinate their own needs in favor of the needs of close others. They are often sensitive to criticism WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Dependent personality Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive persons have high concern for details and rules are perfectionists, work oriented, cold and distant, and have relationship difficulties. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder are superficially charming and sincere, but they are actually very self-centered and insincere. They also show no guilt or remorse for harming others. This disorder was formerly called psychopathic personality disorder. WHAT PERSONALITY DISORDER IS THIS?

Antisocial Personality Disorder