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MCAT Pysch/Soc > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical approach

A

takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder.

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological and social components to an individual’s disorder.

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

used to diagnose psychological disorders
current version is DSM - 5
categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns

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4
Q

Schizophrenia

A

the prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature. It contains positive and negative symptoms

partially inherited
excess of dopamine
treat with dopamine blockers

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5
Q

Positive symptom of Schizophrenia

A

adds something to the behavior, cognition or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

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6
Q

Negative symptom of Schizophrenia

A

loss of something from behavior, cognition or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition

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7
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individuals culture that are maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.

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8
Q

delusion of reference

A

the belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual.

ex: a person with this may believe the characters in the TV show are talking to him

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9
Q

delusion of persecution

A

the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted again, or threatened

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10
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

common in bipolar I disorder
involve the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way such as being an inventor, historical figure or religious icon.

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11
Q

thought broadcasting

A

the belief that ones thoughts are broadcast directly from ones head to the external world

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12
Q

thought insertion

A

the belief that thoughts are being placed in ones head

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13
Q

Hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality
common: auditory

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14
Q

Disorganized thought

A

characterized by the loosening of associations
exhibited as speech in which ideas shift form one subject to another in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought

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15
Q

Word Salad

A

when a patients speech is so disorganized that it seems to have no structure
(schizophrenia symptom)

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16
Q

Neologisms

A

when a person with schizophrenia invents new words

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17
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

an inability to carry out activities of daily living, such as paying bills, maintaining hygiene, keeping appointments.
(schizophrenia symptom)

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18
Q

Catatonia

A

certain motor behaviors characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

may include useless and bizarre movements not caused by any external stimuli, echolalia (repeating another words) or echopraxia (imitating another actions)

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19
Q

Negative symptoms affective symptom:

schizophrenia

A 
blunting (there is a severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression)
flat affect (there are virtually no signs of emotional expression)
inappropriate affect (the affect is clearly discordant with the content of the individuals speech.
avolition (marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions)
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20
Q

prodromal phase

A

a phase that the patient undergoes characterized by poor adjustment before getting diagnosed by schizophrenia.

this phase is recognized by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdraw, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect and unusual experienced.

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21
Q

anhedonia

A

a symptom of depressive disorder - when they lose all interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

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22
Q

dysthymia

A

persistent depressive disorder

a depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode

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23
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

not a freestanding diagnosis in the DSM - 5 but is best characterized as major depressive disorder with seasonal onset

may be treated with bright light therapy - patient is exposed to a bright light a specified about of time each day

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24
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

maniac depression

major type of mood disorder in mania and depression

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25
Q

Manic episodes

A

a distinct period during which there is an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood

26
Q

Biopolar I disorder

A

Both types describe a disorder with mood ranging between depression and mania.
Major depressive episodes are common in both of them.

But type I : there should be at least full blown episode of mania (highest in the spectrum)

27
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Both types describe a disorder with mood ranging between depression and mania.
Major depressive episodes are common in both of them.

But type II : There is not full blown episode of mania but there are hypomanic episodes

28
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

29
Q

catecholamine theory of depression

or monoamine

A

this theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to make while too little leads to depression

30
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things

31
Q

Specific phobia

A

anxiety is produced by a specific object or situation

32
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to social situations

33
Q

Panic disorder

A

repeated panic attacks

34
Q

Agoraphobia

A

deals with panic disorders
fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape
uncomfortable leaving their home

35
Q

Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by obsessions which produce tension, and compulsions that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a persons life.
obsessions raise the individuals stress levels and compulsions receive this stress

36
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

a person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness usually directed toward a certain body part (nose, skin, stomach)

37
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

person avoids stress by escaping from his identity

38
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past experience
often linked to trauma
may experience dissociative fugue: sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from ones home or location of usual daily activities
may believe they are someone else and completely forget about their identity

39
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Disorder results when the component of identity fail to integrate
patients have suffered severe physical or sexual abuse as young children
personalities can sometimes be integrated into one

40
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

individuals feel detached from their own mind and body (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization)
out of body experience = example of depersonalization

Derealization: giving the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality

41
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

have atleast one somatic symptom

may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition

42
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

hypochondriasis

consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition

43
Q

conversion disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
symptoms begin after high levels of stress or a traumatic event
la belle indifference = when the person is surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom

44
Q

Personality disorder

A

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control.

45
Q

ego - syntonic

Personality disorder

A

individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with her goals

46
Q

ego - dystonic

Personality disorder

A

individual sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome.

47
Q

general personality disorder has 3 clusters:

A 
cluster A (paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid) WIERD
cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic) WILD
cluster C (avoidant, dependent, and obsessive - compulsive) WORRIED
48
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

cluster A

A

marked by persuasive mistrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives

49
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

cluster A

A

pattern of odd or eccentric thinking
may have ideas of reference - similar to delusions of reference but not as extreme in intensity
may have magical thinking - superstitiousness or belief in clairvoyance

50
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

cluster A

A

persuasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
show little desire for social interactions
have few close friends

51
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

cluster B

A

more common in males than woman

found in many serial killers and career criminals who show no guilt for their action

52
Q

Borderline personality disorder

cluster B

A

more common in females than males
persuasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and self image
fear of abandonment
may use splitting as a defense mechanism - in which they view others as either all good or all bad
suicide attempts and self mutilation (cutting or burning) are common

53
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

cluster B

A

constant attention seeking behavior
often wear colorful clothing, are dramatic and are extrovert
may use seductive behavior to gain attention

54
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster B

A

high sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupy with fantasies of success, and a need for constant admiration and attention.
many have fragile self esteems

55
Q

avoidant personality disorder

cluster C

A

the affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection
socially isolated

56
Q

dependent personality disorder

cluster C

A

continuous need for reassurance

depend on a specific person

57
Q

obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

A 
perfectionist
inflexible 
likes rules and order
lack desire to change
stubbordness 
lack sense of humor
58
Q

depression is associated with

A

HIGH levels of: glucose, cortisol

LOW levels of: NE, serotonin, dopamine

59
Q

bipolar disorder is associated with

A

HIGH levels of: NE, serotonin
higher risk if parent has bipolar disorder
higher risk for persons with multiple sclerosis

60
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

type of dementia characterized by gradual memory loss, disorientation to time and place, problems with abstract thought and tendency to misplace things.
family history is a significant risk factor
lower risk of developing disease with higher levels of education

61
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

characterized by:
bradykinesia (slowness in movement)
resting tumor (tremor that appears when muscle are not being used)
pill - rolling tremor (flexing and extending the fingers while moving the thumb back and forth, as if rolling something in the fingers)
masklikes facies (a facial expression consisting of static and expressionless facial features, staring eyes and a partially open mouth)
cogwheel rigidity (muscle tension that intermittently halts movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb)
shuffling gait (stooped posture)

decreased dopamine

MCAT Pysch/Soc (27 decks)

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