Problem Solving and Decision - Making Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental set

A

framework for thinking about a problem. It can be shaped by habit or by desire.

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2
Q

Duncker’s candle problem

A

Cognitive performance test, measuring the influence of functional fixedness on a participant’s problem solving capabilities

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3
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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4
Q

Trial - and - error

A

A less sophisticated type of problem solving in which various solutions are tried until one is found that seems to work.
Only effective when there are a few possible solutions.

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5
Q

Algorithms

A

A formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem. (Mathematical)

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6
Q

Deductive (top-down) Reasoning

A

starts with a set of rules and draws conclusions from the information given.

i.e. logic puzzle

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7
Q

Inductive (bottom-up) Reasoning

A

Seeks to create a theory via generalizations.

Starts with specific instances, and then draws a conclusion from them.

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8
Q

Heuristics

A

short cuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions

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9
Q

Biases

A

exist when an experimenter or decision-maker is unable to objectively evaluate information

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10
Q

Intuition

A

a “gut feeling” regarding a particular decision. However, intuition can often be attributed to experience with similar situations.

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11
Q

What kind of mental states plays a role in decision - making?

A

Emotional state

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12
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

proposes 7 areas of intelligence including:

linguistic, logical - mathematical, musical, visual - spatial, bodily - kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal

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13
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

used when we try to decide how likely something is

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14
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Involves categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative imagine of the category.

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15
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

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16
Q

Disconfirmation Principle

A

the evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution DOES NOT WORK.

17
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against them.

Contributes to overconfidence

18
Q

Overconfidence

A

a tendency to erroneously interpret ones decisions, knowledge, and believes as infallible.

19
Q

Intuition

A

the ability to act on perceptions that may not be supported by available evidence.

Often developed by experience

20
Q

Recognition primed decision model

A

when the doctors brain is actually sorting through a wide variety of information to match a certain pattern

21
Q

Emotion

A

the subjective experience of a person in a certain situation

22
Q

IQ Test
(Intelligence Quotient)
(Standford - Binet IQ Test)

A

A standardized test that measures intelligence.

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100