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psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

antagonist is a drug that

A

blocks a neurotransmitter

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2
Q

agonist is a drug that

A

mimics or increases an effect

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3
Q

extent for a drug to act depends on affinity and efficacy ..explain

A

affinity: measure of a drugs tendency to bind to receptor, ranges strong to weak
efficacy: a drugs effectivness and side effects vary from person to person; tendency to activate receptor

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4
Q

people with a gene for producing less ______ metabolize acetaldehyde from alcohol more slowly and therefore

A

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, drink less

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5
Q

alcoholics that develop alcohol problems before age 25 tend to

A

have family history and genetic predisposition

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6
Q

probability for sons of alcholics who show less than average intoxication have greater than ___% chance developing alcoholism

A

60

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7
Q

need to consider what 3 efffects of drug use

A

effects while drug is in the brain, effects that occur in withdrawl, effects responsible for cravings

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8
Q

_____ drugs directly increase dopmaine and ____ indirectly increase it

A

stimulants, opiates

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9
Q

rats would push a lever to produce electrical

A

self stimulation of the brain

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10
Q

particularly the ______ works in releasing dopamine and reinforcing experieences of all types

A

nucleus accumbens

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11
Q

studies in rats show repeated exposure to an addictive substance alters receptors to become more responsive to the addictive substance so they

A

become less responsive to other stimuli

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12
Q

what is the role of the insula

A

role in craving and pleasure, in frontal lobe

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13
Q

damage in insula led to

A

loss of urge to smoke ciggarettes

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14
Q

people with excessive social media use show abnormalities in the

A

insula

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15
Q

to a large extent drug tolerance is

A

learned

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16
Q

one hypothesis is that addictive behavior is an attempt to avoid withdrawal symptoms, a modified hypothesis is that

A

a person with addiction may use the substance to cope with stress

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17
Q

biology tolerance vs functional tolerance

A

biology: metabolic,,,body gets rid of it faster
functional: up and down regulation of receptors

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18
Q

disulfiram is an ___ techniques and results in

A

antaabuse, sickness after drinking to associate them

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19
Q

how does nalozone help alocholics

A

block opiate receptors and decreases pleasure from alcohol

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20
Q

drug effectivness to help alcoholism varies with

A

users motivation to quit

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21
Q

why does opiates cause overdoses freequently

A

have a lot of opiote receptors in brainstem which is repsonsible for breathing…maloxone kicks fentanyl off really fast, can produce harsh withdraw

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22
Q

what is methadone

A

less dangerous , similar to heroine and morhpine, used to reduce withdrawl without high, still addicted ….rush and withdrawl both reduces

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23
Q

another way to combat opiate abuse is to block brains reward circitory. the problem with this is that

A

you would lose all pleasurable quality would likely result in anhedonia

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24
Q

buprenorphine and LAAM are drugs similar to

A

methadone

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25
Q

major depressive disorder effects ___ of people within a given year and ___ life time prevelance

A

5 percent, 10 percent

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26
Q

whats more common long term depression or periodic episodes of depression

A

periodic episodes

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27
Q

even tho depression is equally common in boys and girls

A

it it more common in girl teens

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28
Q

late onsent depression after 45 is linked to relatives with

A

circlitory problems

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29
Q

what is a form of evidence that the effect of a gene varies with the enviroment

A

ppl with short form of serotonin transporter gene who experienced stressful experience had a major increase in probability od experiencing depression. increased with number of stressful experiences too. long form of gene less suseptible to dressful events and one long one short had moderate risk

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30
Q

two abnormalities of hemispeheric dominance in depressive people

A

descreased activity in left prefrontal cortex, increased activity in right prefrontal cortex

people with depression tend to gaze to left when asked to do a verbal task when most people gaze to right

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31
Q

when looking at tissue of depressed people we see reduced _____ volume

A

hippocampul

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32
Q

how to tricylics work

A

block transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
-flood synapse with serotonin
dorwsiness dry mouth difficulting urinating

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33
Q

exmaples of snris..unlike others they may aslo improve

A

effexor and cymblata..memory

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34
Q

what do MAOIS do

A

block the enzyme monoamine oxisdase that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms…results more transmitters avaialbel…only used if others not effective as high blood pressure can happen with some food

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35
Q

wellbutrin..inhibits reuptake of dopamine and some extent norepinephrine but not serotontin

A

____ is an atypical antidepressant drug and it

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36
Q

what does ketamine do

A

antagonizes NDMA type glutamate receptors

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37
Q

have to be careful with st hohns wart because

A

increases production of a liver enzyme that decreases the effectivness of other medications

38
Q

true or false: most people with dperession have normal levels of neurotransmitters

A

true

39
Q

people with depression have lower than average ____ which is important for

A

BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor…synaptic plasticity

40
Q

prolonged use of antidepressants increases

A

BDNF production

41
Q

as a result of lower BDNF people with depression show

A

smaller than average hippocampus, impaired learning, reduced production of hippocampul neurons

42
Q

proliferation of new neurons in the ____ is improtant for antidperessant effext

A

hippocampus

43
Q

whcih supplemtns might be helpful to depression

A

omega 3 fatty acids and b vitmains

44
Q

ect is thought to

A

proliferate neruons in hippocampus and increase BDNF

45
Q

what is etc

A

electircally induced seizure used for the treatment of severe depression

46
Q

ect was origonally used for

A

schizophrenia

47
Q

how do altered sleep patterns impact depression

A
  • enter REM sleep sooner
  • sleep pattern disruption increases chance of depresison later on
  • periodic sleep deprivation sometimes helpful restting circadian rythym
48
Q

ppl with depression take __ mins to enter rem when usually ___

A

40 minutes, 80 minutes

49
Q

sleep problems usually ____ depression

A

precede

50
Q

many people with SAD have a mutation on gene responsible for regulating

A

circadian rythyms

51
Q

describe deep brain stimulation

A

battery poweed device into brain to brain to deliver periodic stumation targetinf similar brain areas as antiepressants

52
Q

onet of bipolar disorder is usually

A

teens or early 20a

53
Q

brains use of _____ increases during periods of mania and decreases during episodes of depression

A

mania

54
Q

what are the drugs for bipolar

A

valproate and carbamazepine

55
Q

drugs for bipolar work by

A

decreasing glutamate activity, blocking synthensis brain chemical arachidonic acid

56
Q

whats another way can intensley help bipolar disorder

A

regulating sleep

57
Q

schizophrenia is characterized by deterioating ability to fucntion in every day life for at least 6 months paied with at least 2 of these symptoms includign at least one of first three

A 
hallucinations
delusions
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized behavior
weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, socialization
58
Q

most treatments of schizophrenia target the ___ symptoms

A

postive

59
Q

3 types of symptoms in schizophrenia

A

positve symptoms
negative symptoms ; absent behaviors that should be present
cognitve symptoms: limitation of thought and reasoning,,,difficulting understanding abstract concepts

60
Q

some conditions that resemble schizophrenia

A

hearing deficits , butritional abnormalities, substance abuse, huntingtons disease

61
Q

who does schizoohrenia impact more men or women

A

men

62
Q

women tend to have schizophrenic breakdowns before pregnancy with ____ chidlren and after pregnancy with ___ children

A

female, male

63
Q

world wide percent schizophrenia

A

half of one percent

64
Q

greater similarity between dizigotic twins with schziophrenia suggests

A

prenatal/post natal enviroment

65
Q

studies of adopted children with schizophrenia show

A

growing up dysfunctional home magnifies risk

66
Q

schizophrenia possibly caused by

A

new gene mutations or microdeletion of chromosomes

67
Q

____ which is disrupted in schizophrenia gene controls rate of generation of new neurons

A

DISC1

68
Q

what is the nerudevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

abnormalities occur in prenatal or neonatal nervous system development..mild abnoramlities of brain anatomy and major abnormalities in bheavior

69
Q

evidence for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis

A
  • several kinds of prenatal or neonatal difficulties are linked to late schizophrenia
  • people with schizophrenia have minor brain abnormalities that orginiate early in life
70
Q

mild brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia

A

-less gray and white matter
-larger than average ventricles
-minor abnormalities in subcortical areas
-smaller hippocampus
-

lateralization differences in people with schizophrenia
-lower than activity in left hempisphere

71
Q

in people with schizophrenia ______ one of the slowest brain areas to mature

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

72
Q

most cases of schizophrenia not diagnosed unil ___ but

A

20 or later, problems observed in childhood such as impulse control attention and memory

73
Q

describe lateralization differences in people with schizophrenia

A

-right planum temporale slightly larger
-lower than normal activity in left hemisphere
more likely to be left handed

74
Q

what is main drug used to treat schizophrenia

A

chloropromazine

75
Q

what do antipsychotics do

A

block dopamine receptors

76
Q

two chemical families of anti psychotics that treat schizophrenia

A

phenothiazines

butryophenones

77
Q

two evidence of dopamine hypothesis

A
  • substance induced psychotic disorder: hallucinations and delusions resulting from repeated large doses of methamphetamines cocaine etc which prolong activity at dopamine synapses
  • research indicated increased activity specifically at D2 receptor (twice as many)
78
Q

what is the mesolimbocortical system

A

-set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system and pre frontal cortex…site where drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their effect

79
Q

where do drugs thaat block dopamine synapses produce their benefits

A

mesolimbocortical system

80
Q

why do drugs also block dopamine in the mesostriatal system? what is the result

A

cause drugs arent selective…..tardile dyskinesia, tremors and involuntary movemetns

81
Q

why does the dyskenisa result from dopamine blockers

A

reduce dopmaine available to motor system

82
Q

the glutamate hypothesis is related to reduced glutamate synase activity in what brain areas

A

prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

83
Q

what is the relationship between glutamate and dopamine

A

dopamine inhibits glutamate release and glutamate stimulates neurons that inhbit dopamine release,,,so increased dopamine produces same effects as decreases glutamate

84
Q

describe PCP and the glutamate hypothesis

A

support fo rit. its effects inhibit the NMDA glutamate receptors. large doses produces both postive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. little psychotic repsonse in adolecents but after puberty same as schizophrenia. it produces a relapse for someone whos receovered from schizophrenia

85
Q

is autism more common in boys or girl

A

boys

86
Q

adequate amounts of _____ during pregnancy halves the risk of having an autistic child

A

folic acid, vitamin b 9

87
Q

many cases of autism may result from

A

mutations and microdeletions in one or more genes

88
Q

some mothers of children with autism have antibodies

A

that attack certain brain proteins

89
Q

____ sometimes reduces stereotyped behaviors in autism but has serious side effects

A

respiridone

90
Q

behavior treatments focus on

A

attention and reinforcing favorable behaviors

bio psych (9 decks)

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