psychological disorders Flashcards
antagonist is a drug that
blocks a neurotransmitter
agonist is a drug that
mimics or increases an effect
extent for a drug to act depends on affinity and efficacy ..explain
affinity: measure of a drugs tendency to bind to receptor, ranges strong to weak
efficacy: a drugs effectivness and side effects vary from person to person; tendency to activate receptor
people with a gene for producing less ______ metabolize acetaldehyde from alcohol more slowly and therefore
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, drink less
alcoholics that develop alcohol problems before age 25 tend to
have family history and genetic predisposition
probability for sons of alcholics who show less than average intoxication have greater than ___% chance developing alcoholism
60
need to consider what 3 efffects of drug use
effects while drug is in the brain, effects that occur in withdrawl, effects responsible for cravings
_____ drugs directly increase dopmaine and ____ indirectly increase it
stimulants, opiates
rats would push a lever to produce electrical
self stimulation of the brain
particularly the ______ works in releasing dopamine and reinforcing experieences of all types
nucleus accumbens
studies in rats show repeated exposure to an addictive substance alters receptors to become more responsive to the addictive substance so they
become less responsive to other stimuli
what is the role of the insula
role in craving and pleasure, in frontal lobe
damage in insula led to
loss of urge to smoke ciggarettes
people with excessive social media use show abnormalities in the
insula
to a large extent drug tolerance is
learned
one hypothesis is that addictive behavior is an attempt to avoid withdrawal symptoms, a modified hypothesis is that
a person with addiction may use the substance to cope with stress
biology tolerance vs functional tolerance
biology: metabolic,,,body gets rid of it faster
functional: up and down regulation of receptors
disulfiram is an ___ techniques and results in
antaabuse, sickness after drinking to associate them
how does nalozone help alocholics
block opiate receptors and decreases pleasure from alcohol
drug effectivness to help alcoholism varies with
users motivation to quit
why does opiates cause overdoses freequently
have a lot of opiote receptors in brainstem which is repsonsible for breathing…maloxone kicks fentanyl off really fast, can produce harsh withdraw
what is methadone
less dangerous , similar to heroine and morhpine, used to reduce withdrawl without high, still addicted ….rush and withdrawl both reduces
another way to combat opiate abuse is to block brains reward circitory. the problem with this is that
you would lose all pleasurable quality would likely result in anhedonia
buprenorphine and LAAM are drugs similar to
methadone
major depressive disorder effects ___ of people within a given year and ___ life time prevelance
5 percent, 10 percent
whats more common long term depression or periodic episodes of depression
periodic episodes
even tho depression is equally common in boys and girls
it it more common in girl teens
late onsent depression after 45 is linked to relatives with
circlitory problems
what is a form of evidence that the effect of a gene varies with the enviroment
ppl with short form of serotonin transporter gene who experienced stressful experience had a major increase in probability od experiencing depression. increased with number of stressful experiences too. long form of gene less suseptible to dressful events and one long one short had moderate risk
two abnormalities of hemispeheric dominance in depressive people
descreased activity in left prefrontal cortex, increased activity in right prefrontal cortex
people with depression tend to gaze to left when asked to do a verbal task when most people gaze to right
when looking at tissue of depressed people we see reduced _____ volume
hippocampul
how to tricylics work
block transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
-flood synapse with serotonin
dorwsiness dry mouth difficulting urinating
exmaples of snris..unlike others they may aslo improve
effexor and cymblata..memory
what do MAOIS do
block the enzyme monoamine oxisdase that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms…results more transmitters avaialbel…only used if others not effective as high blood pressure can happen with some food
wellbutrin..inhibits reuptake of dopamine and some extent norepinephrine but not serotontin
____ is an atypical antidepressant drug and it
what does ketamine do
antagonizes NDMA type glutamate receptors
have to be careful with st hohns wart because
increases production of a liver enzyme that decreases the effectivness of other medications
true or false: most people with dperession have normal levels of neurotransmitters
true
people with depression have lower than average ____ which is important for
BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor…synaptic plasticity
prolonged use of antidepressants increases
BDNF production
as a result of lower BDNF people with depression show
smaller than average hippocampus, impaired learning, reduced production of hippocampul neurons
proliferation of new neurons in the ____ is improtant for antidperessant effext
hippocampus
whcih supplemtns might be helpful to depression
omega 3 fatty acids and b vitmains
ect is thought to
proliferate neruons in hippocampus and increase BDNF
what is etc
electircally induced seizure used for the treatment of severe depression
ect was origonally used for
schizophrenia
how do altered sleep patterns impact depression
- enter REM sleep sooner
- sleep pattern disruption increases chance of depresison later on
- periodic sleep deprivation sometimes helpful restting circadian rythym
ppl with depression take __ mins to enter rem when usually ___
40 minutes, 80 minutes
sleep problems usually ____ depression
precede
many people with SAD have a mutation on gene responsible for regulating
circadian rythyms
describe deep brain stimulation
battery poweed device into brain to brain to deliver periodic stumation targetinf similar brain areas as antiepressants
onet of bipolar disorder is usually
teens or early 20a
brains use of _____ increases during periods of mania and decreases during episodes of depression
mania
what are the drugs for bipolar
valproate and carbamazepine
drugs for bipolar work by
decreasing glutamate activity, blocking synthensis brain chemical arachidonic acid
whats another way can intensley help bipolar disorder
regulating sleep
schizophrenia is characterized by deterioating ability to fucntion in every day life for at least 6 months paied with at least 2 of these symptoms includign at least one of first three
hallucinations delusions disorganized speech grossly disorganized behavior weak or absent signs of emotion, speech, socialization
most treatments of schizophrenia target the ___ symptoms
postive
3 types of symptoms in schizophrenia
positve symptoms
negative symptoms ; absent behaviors that should be present
cognitve symptoms: limitation of thought and reasoning,,,difficulting understanding abstract concepts
some conditions that resemble schizophrenia
hearing deficits , butritional abnormalities, substance abuse, huntingtons disease
who does schizoohrenia impact more men or women
men
women tend to have schizophrenic breakdowns before pregnancy with ____ chidlren and after pregnancy with ___ children
female, male
world wide percent schizophrenia
half of one percent
greater similarity between dizigotic twins with schziophrenia suggests
prenatal/post natal enviroment
studies of adopted children with schizophrenia show
growing up dysfunctional home magnifies risk
schizophrenia possibly caused by
new gene mutations or microdeletion of chromosomes
____ which is disrupted in schizophrenia gene controls rate of generation of new neurons
DISC1
what is the nerudevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia
abnormalities occur in prenatal or neonatal nervous system development..mild abnoramlities of brain anatomy and major abnormalities in bheavior
evidence for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis
- several kinds of prenatal or neonatal difficulties are linked to late schizophrenia
- people with schizophrenia have minor brain abnormalities that orginiate early in life
mild brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia
-less gray and white matter
-larger than average ventricles
-minor abnormalities in subcortical areas
-smaller hippocampus
-
lateralization differences in people with schizophrenia
-lower than activity in left hempisphere
in people with schizophrenia ______ one of the slowest brain areas to mature
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
most cases of schizophrenia not diagnosed unil ___ but
20 or later, problems observed in childhood such as impulse control attention and memory
describe lateralization differences in people with schizophrenia
-right planum temporale slightly larger
-lower than normal activity in left hemisphere
more likely to be left handed
what is main drug used to treat schizophrenia
chloropromazine
what do antipsychotics do
block dopamine receptors
two chemical families of anti psychotics that treat schizophrenia
phenothiazines
butryophenones
two evidence of dopamine hypothesis
- substance induced psychotic disorder: hallucinations and delusions resulting from repeated large doses of methamphetamines cocaine etc which prolong activity at dopamine synapses
- research indicated increased activity specifically at D2 receptor (twice as many)
what is the mesolimbocortical system
-set of neurons that project from the midbrain tegmentum to the limbic system and pre frontal cortex…site where drugs that block dopamine synapses produce their effect
where do drugs thaat block dopamine synapses produce their benefits
mesolimbocortical system
why do drugs also block dopamine in the mesostriatal system? what is the result
cause drugs arent selective…..tardile dyskinesia, tremors and involuntary movemetns
why does the dyskenisa result from dopamine blockers
reduce dopmaine available to motor system
the glutamate hypothesis is related to reduced glutamate synase activity in what brain areas
prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
what is the relationship between glutamate and dopamine
dopamine inhibits glutamate release and glutamate stimulates neurons that inhbit dopamine release,,,so increased dopamine produces same effects as decreases glutamate
describe PCP and the glutamate hypothesis
support fo rit. its effects inhibit the NMDA glutamate receptors. large doses produces both postive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. little psychotic repsonse in adolecents but after puberty same as schizophrenia. it produces a relapse for someone whos receovered from schizophrenia
is autism more common in boys or girl
boys
adequate amounts of _____ during pregnancy halves the risk of having an autistic child
folic acid, vitamin b 9
many cases of autism may result from
mutations and microdeletions in one or more genes
some mothers of children with autism have antibodies
that attack certain brain proteins
____ sometimes reduces stereotyped behaviors in autism but has serious side effects
respiridone
behavior treatments focus on
attention and reinforcing favorable behaviors
