emotional behaviors Flashcards
psychologists define emotion in terms of these 4 components
cognition ( mental process -thinking judging), action (the response), feeling (emotional state), physiological changes ( heart rate)
most situations evoke a combonation of both the what arousals
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what does the james lange theory say about emotion
autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in emotion
the emotion felt is the label we give to teh arousal of the organs and muscles
what are the 4 steps in james lange theory
event…..appraisal (cognitve aspect, thinking remembering about the situation), action ( the behavioral aspect including physiology), emotional feeling (the feeling aspect)
james lange theoru leads to two predictions
people with a weak autonomic system or skeletal response should feel less emotion, increasing ones response should enhance an emotion
people with pure autonomic failure show what ? how is this related to james lange theory
output from autonomic nervous system to body fails, report feeling same emotions but less intensley….it is consistent with the theory
explain botox and autonomic and emotional resposnes
botox blocks transmission of achtlycholine so muscle doesnt move. ppl with it report weaker than usual emotions watching short videos implies body change is important part of feeling emotion
two examples of prrof that arrousal is sufficient for emotion
-panic attacks which are marked byt intense sympatheric nervous system arousal can happen due to rapid breathing and a person thinking theyre having a panic attack
creating certain body actions may also slightly influence an emotion..smiling slightly increases happiness
true or false: there is one area critical for emotion
false
the limbic system includes
the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus
evidence against facial expressions for idea of basic emotions
-two or more emotions can be present in a single facial expression
context and gestures are important
what is an alternative view of basic emotions
emotional vary along two continuous dimensions…weak to strong, pleasent to unpleasant
describe behavioral activation system (BAS) vs behavioral inhibition system
BAS: activation of LEFT hemisphere, frontal temporal lobes…low to moderate arousal tendency to approach,,,,,happiness or anger
BIS: RIGHT hempisphere….increases attention and arousal….inhibits action….fear and disgust
3 fucntions of emotion
adaptive (escape or attack)
communicate needs to others
aid in quick decision making
contemplating moral decsions activated the
prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus
true or false: moral decisions are usually made rationally
false
those with damage to this are show inconsistent prefrences and decreased guilt and trust. they are more liekly to switch even if someone they know
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
the ____ is important in attack and escape haviors which are closely related physiologically and behavioraly
amygdala
low activity of what gene is linked with agression
MAO a
true or false : violent crime is associated with higher testosterone
true
increasing testosterone in women results in
increased amount time looking at angry faces, more aruging during collaborative tasks
what is serotonin turnover and how is it measured
amount of serotonin that neurons release, absorbed and replaced,,,, concentration of 5 HIAA in cebrebrospinal fluid
true or false: impulsivness and agression ahve been linked to low serotonin release
true
how strong is the relationship between serotonin and agression
small
low serotonin turnover associated with violent suicide true or false
true
agressive behvaior depends on combonation of these three chemicals..also explain
testosterone. ..facilitated agressive assertive dominant behavior
serotonin: tends to inhibit impulsive behavior
cortisol: inhibits agression
startle response takes how long to get to brainstem
3-8 milliseconds
what part of brain important for enhancing startle reflex
amygdala
what part of fear is amygdala specifically important for
knowing what to fear
if a person is attacked or has fearful experience they become fearful in a wide variety of circumstances which depends on an area called ..a brain area that contorls
bed nucleus of the stria terminals, a brain area that controls long term generalized emotional arousal
what is kluver bucy syndrome caused by and what does it result inq
damage to the amygdala, monkeys are tame and show less than normal fear, impaired social bheaviors including what to fear…monkeys wwere scientest has removed both sides of amygdala
amygdala response is stronger when meaning of photos of faces is
unclear and requires some processing
describe amydala response to indirect vs indirect fear and anger
stronger to indirect anger and stronger to direcct fear
humans with damage to the amygdala can classify emotional pictures without difficulty but
experience little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos
describe urbach wiethe disease and symptoms observed
genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in amygdala till it wastes away..happy in haunted house, only angry at gun point, ,.,.alsoways look at nose not the eyes if look at eyes can recognize fear..impaired at drawing deareful expres
amygdala really responsive to what part of the eyes
whites
15 percent of people with _____ suffer from panic disorder
joint laxity , double jointedness
panic disorder linked to what area abnormalities
hypothalamus
panic disorder related to decreased ___ and increased ___
GABA, orexin
smaller ____ or lower than normal ____ levels may predisope people to PTSD
hippocampus, cortisol
anxiety medications exert their effects in the
amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, and other areas
hans selye defined stress as
non specific response of the body to any demand made of it
what is general adaptation syndrome:
threats to the body activate a general response to stress
what are the three stages in the general adaptation syndrome
- alarm stage; increased sympatheric nervous system activity
- resistance stage: sympatheric response declines: adrenal cortex continues releases cortical and other hormones to prolong alertness
- exaustion stage: occurs after prolonged stress, individual no longer has energy to sustain responses
what is the hpa axis? what activates it
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex…dominant response to prolonged stress
what two systems are activated by stress
sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight), HPA axis
describe the sequence of the HPA axis
activation of hypothalamus iduces the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), this hormone stimulates teh adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol….cortisol helps to mobolize energies to fight a difficult situation…improves performance moderate tasks, impairs complex task and impacts actvity of the immune system
what does autoimmune disease result in
immune system attacking normal cells
what is formal name of white blood cells
leukocytes
where are leukocytes produced and where do they go
bone, thalamus , spleen, lymph nodes
what are b cells
leukocytes that mature in bone marrow and secrete specific antibodies
what are anti bodies
y shaped proteins that attatch to particulat kinds of antigens
what are antigens
surface proteins that are anibody-generator molecules
what do t cells do
attack intruders directly and help other t cells and b cells multiply
what are natural killer cells
leukocytes that attack tumor cells and cells infected with viruses
what are the two kinds of t cells
helper t tells, cytokines
cytokines stimulate the release of _____ which produce
prostaglandins…fever, sleepiness, lack of energy
how do asprin and ipheuphrophin work
inhibiting prostaglandins
what triggers the production of cytokines and what do they do
during an infection leukocytes and other cells produce them. they release chemicals into immune system and cross the blood brain barrier, combat infecition and communicate with the brain to inform of illness
what does prolonged stress response do
produce symptoms like depression, weakens the immune system, can harm the hippocampus , increases cortisol which leads to impaired memory, increases vulnerability of neurons in the hippocampus
socail suppost reduces respons in several areas including the
prefrontal cortex
resilience is related to stronger connections between ____ and ____
amygdala and prefrontal cortex
studies in mice have revealed
genes that relate to being more vulnerable or more resilient
