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movement Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three muscle categories and their movements

A

smooth muscles: digestive, skeletal muscles (movement of body in relation to environment) cardiac muslces (both skeletal and smooth)

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2
Q

each _____ receives information from one _____ but one _____ may innervate many _____

A

msucle fibre, axon

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3
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fibre

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4
Q

release of what at the neuromuscular junction causes the muscle to contract

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles called ______

A

antagonistic muscles

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6
Q

what are the two contracting skeletal muscles

A

flexor (flexes or raises), extensor

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7
Q

when you want to bend what happens to antagonist muscles

A

bicep contacts flexor muscle, tricep relaxes

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8
Q

skeletal muscles can be fast or slow..whats the difference

A

fast twitch: fribres produce fast contractions but fatigure rapidly…fast moving, jumping
slow twitch: fibres profuce less vigurious contraction without fatigue..gradual movements such as walking

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9
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

recptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body and regulate muscle contraction

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10
Q

what are the two kinds of proprioceptors

A

muscle spindles and the golgi tendon organ

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11
Q

what do muscle spindles do

A

they are parralel to the muscles and respond to stretch and can cause contraction if the length of that muscle stretches too far . like when stretching arm back for baseball pitch bicep will contract

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12
Q

what do tendons do

A

connect muscle to bone

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13
Q

what does the gologi tendon organ do

A

located in tendons, act as a break against excessivley vigorous contaction by sending an impulase to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited, senses muscle tenstion, inhibits muscle activation

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14
Q

does muscle spindles or gogli tendon organ result in efferent signals

A

muscle spindles

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15
Q

describe reflexes

A

involuntary, consistent, automatic responses to stiumi

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16
Q

what kind of reflex requires one synapse between sensory input and movement

A

monosynaptic reflex

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17
Q

describe the patellar tendon reflex

A

tap on the tendon stretches the quadriceps muscle, the sensory nerve responds to the muscle stretch; by sending a signal to the spinal cord, where it connects to a motor neuron through a signal synapse; the motor neuron stimulates the quadricep muscle to contract and reduce the stretch; the quadriceps contracts, extneding the lower leg

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18
Q

true or false: most movements are a combination of voluntary and involuntary: reflexive and non reflexive

A

true

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19
Q

describe how some movements vary with respect to feedback

A

some are ballistic and cannot be changed once initiated, others guided by feedback to allow for percision

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20
Q

what are central pattern generators

A

neural mechanisms in spinal cord or elsewhere that generate rythmic patterns of motor output in absence of sesnory feedback…both interconnected inhibitory and excitiroty neurons..breathing, swimming locomotion

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21
Q

what is a motor program

A

a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system, once begun, the sequence is fixed from beggining to end. automatic. thinking or talking about it interferes with action …yawning

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22
Q

understanding how btain controls movement offers hope for spinal cord damage because can use

A

brain computer interface (BCI) , use brain signals to direct computured controlled deivces such as neuro prosthetics

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23
Q

describe 5 major parts of the motor system

A

cerebrum: in forebrain, consious control of movement
brain stem + spinal cord ; direct movements
subcortical basal ganglia: help produce the appropriate amount of force for grasping
the cerrebulum helps regulate the timing and accuracy of movement

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24
Q

what is the role of the cerebral cortex

A

initiating a motor sequence..most motor learning is mastering sequences of action so that while one sequence is being activated the next is being prepared

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25
Q

explain 3 parts of the frontal lobed involved in movement

A

prefrontal cortex: plans complex behavior, the complex movements
premotor cortex: produces the appropriate complec movement sequences
primary motor cortex: in the precentral gyrus, specifies how each movement is carried out, axons connect brain stem spinal cord and generate impulses , excecutes actions

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26
Q

what does damage to posterior parietal cortex result in

A

difficultiy in coordinating visual stimuli with movement

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27
Q

what part of brain keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

A

posterior parietal cortex

28
Q

what is a saccade

A

voluntary eye movement from one target to another

29
Q

performing an inti saccade tasj requires activity in what parts of the brain before seeing the moving stimulis

A

prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

30
Q

when are mirror neurons active

A

during preperation of a movement and while watching someone else do the same movement

31
Q

do mirror neurons cause or result from social behavior

A

unknown

32
Q

messages from brain are sent to the ____ and spinal cord to control the muscles

A

medulla

33
Q

what are the paths from the cerbral cortex to spinal cord

A

corticospinal tracts

34
Q

what are the two tracts from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

A

lateral corticospinal tract

medial corticospinal tract

35
Q

describe the lateral corticospinal tract

A

set of axons ffom the primary motor cortex surrounding areas and red nucleus to the spinal cord. controls movement in peripheral areas (hands and feet) ….axons corss ar rhw pyramids of medualla

36
Q

where is the red nucleus

A

in the midbrain area, output mainly to the arms

37
Q

describe medial corticospinal tract

A

set of axons from many persts of the cortex: reticular formation, midbrain tectum and vestibular system,,,controls musclrs of the neck, shoulders trunk, on same side. responsible for bilateral movements like walking turning bending etc

38
Q

what is the bestibular nucleus

A

brain area that receives information from vestibular system ..inner ear,,, sense balance spatial

39
Q

what are symptoms of cerbral palsy and whats it caused by

A

voluntary movements difficult to make, consious behavior controlled by cortex may remain in tact. casued by brainstem traauma usually in pregnancy lack of oxygen to the brain

40
Q

what is locked in syndrome what is it caused by

A

patient aware and awake but cannot move or communicae verbally, complete paralysis nearly all voluntary muscles except the eys….mesagges cant come from cortex to spinal cord…due to brainstem damage

41
Q

two example of brianstem damage?

A

cerebral palsy and locked in syndrome

42
Q

where was christopher eeves spinla cord sevvered

A

near upper end c1-c2 level..brain and psinal cord no longer connected..completlety paralyzed unable to breathe without assistance

43
Q

whata are the two plegias of spinal cord

A

quadriplegia :loss sensation amrs and legs…upper spinal cord damage
paraplegia: sensation legs + lower body…dmaage lower body

44
Q

there mor neurons in the _____ than anywhere else combined

A

cerebellum

45
Q

the cerrelbelum is often associated with _____ and _____

A

coordination

46
Q

what else is cerrebelum responsible for

A

excecution of a sequence (that requires timing), responds to sensory information, espcially violations of sensory info like going to touch an object and not feeling anything, important certain aspects of attention like shifitng attention

47
Q

the _____ is the first area affected by alcohol which causes ____ and why they do finger to nose

A

cerebellum, clumsiness

48
Q

how does the cerrebelum improve motor control

A

cortex sends motor instructions to the spinal cord, sends same instructions to the cerrebelum. the sensory receptors code the actual movement and report tot the cerrebelum. it now has information about bothe versions…what you intended to do vs what you actually did, calculates error and tells cortex how to correct

49
Q

the bassal ganglia is a group of large subcortical structures in the _____ ..comprises these three…what is it important for

A

forebrain, …. caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus……self initating behaviors, not guided by stimulus,,,, a monkey deciding which time to start

50
Q

the cerbral cortex sends input to the _____ and ____ which send info to the ____ which then sends info to the _____ and _____.

A

putamen and caudete nucleus…globus pallidus,,,,thalamus and motor areas and the prefrontal cortex

51
Q

what are the 2 pathways of the basal ganglia

A

direct: promotes behavior
indirect: inhibits unwanted movements

52
Q

basal gangling selects a movement by ceasing to

A

inhibit it

53
Q

tourette syndrome is a result of abnormality in the

A

basal ganglia

54
Q

learning of new skills requires multiple areas but basal ganglia are critical for

A

learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement, automatic behaviors and new habits…driving a car

55
Q

describe readiness potential and when does it occur

A

activity in the motor cortex that occurs at least 200ms before voluntary movement, we become consious decision to move after process has already begun

56
Q

brain disorders like parkinsons disease and huntingtons disease not only affect movement but also

A

impair mood, memory and cognition

57
Q

describe parkinsons disease

A

involuntary muscle contractions, tremors/shaking in hands, righty/stiffness, slow movements, difficulty initiation physical activity….impairment initationg spontaenous movement without stimulus..also depression memory and reasoning..

58
Q

what is parkinsons disease caused by

A
  • gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigeria as it usually sends dopemaine releasing axons to caudate nucleus and putamen
  • loss of dopamine leads to less stimulation of motor cortex and slower onset of movements
59
Q

in parkinsons its more thought to be genetic if

A

its early onsent

60
Q

what is the main treatment for parkinsons and what is the downside

A

l-dopa….often ineffective in later stages and cause other side effects

61
Q

other treatments for parkinsons?

A

-drug to directly stimulate dopamine receptors, implementing electrode to stimulate deep areas of brain,
experminetal stem cells

62
Q

what is shown in the photo that shows huntingtons disease

A

the ventricles that contain spinal fluid are expanded and cause death to those surrounding brain areas

63
Q

what is usual onsent of huntingtons disease

A

age 30-50

64
Q

what areas are damaged in huntingtons disease

A

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

65
Q

what are physical cognitvie and emotions symptoms of huntingtons

A

weight loss, arm jerks, involuntary movements, difficulty walking…….focus, planning, insight….depression, apathy, irritbiailty, obsessive behavior

66
Q

huntingtons diseased controlled by what….more likely to develop it earlier if higher number of what

A

an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome # 4, consecutive repeats of the combonation C-A-G

bio psych (9 decks)

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