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bio psych > chapter 5- vision > Flashcards

chapter 5- vision Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the law of specific nerve energies?

A

-the brain encodes information based on which neurons are active. its not based on the stimuli themselves but instead these neurons. if you touch your eyes you see things, if you stillmulated audio receptors you would hear

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2
Q

what is the centre of the iris

A

pupil

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3
Q

light enters centre of iris. the ____ . it is focused by ______ (adjustable) and ____ (not adjustable, and projected to the _____, the rear surface of the eye

A

pupil, … lens, cornea…retina

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4
Q

the visual system does not replicate images instead it

A

codes it by various neuronal activity

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5
Q

describe travel of light through the receptors

A

it first goes to receptors at the back of the eye, then to bipolar cells then to ganglion cells. the ganglion axons go to the back of the brain to the optic nerve. there are also amacrine cells which get information from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar cells, amnicrane cells and ganglion cells

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6
Q

what do amnicrine cells do

A

refine the input to ganglion cells enabling certain ones to respond mainly to particular shapes, directions of movement, changes in lighting color and other visual features

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7
Q

what creates the blind spot

A

the axon join the optic nerve and it has no receptors

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8
Q

why don’t you notice blind spot

A

brain fills in the gap, anything in blind spot one eye is visible to the other eye

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9
Q

the fovea is the

A

central portion of the retina, tiny and specialized for acute specialized vision..it is so detailed because almost no blood vessels or ganglion axons

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10
Q

the more important part of seeing detail from the fovea is

A

each receptor connects to a single bipolar cell which connects to a single ganglion cell that has an axon to the brain

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11
Q

the ganglion cells in the fovea of humans are called

A

midget ganglion cells

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12
Q

why are they called midget ganglion cells

A

each is small and responds to a single cone , so each cone in the fovea has a direct route to the brain

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13
Q

vision is dominated by what you see in fovea because

A

midget ganglion cells provide 70 percent of the input to the brain

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14
Q

“eyes like a hawk” is a phrase because

A

birds have two fovea one looking ahead and one straight and their eyes are bigger

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15
Q

where do predatory birds have most receptors and why

A

top half because they spend most time looking down. input from bottom goes to top of the fovea

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16
Q

why can the brain not detect the exact location or shape of a peripheral light source? what advantage does it have instead

A

because towards to periphery more and more receptors converge onto bipolar and ganglion cells ..has sensitivity for dim light, perception of fainter things

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17
Q

in the peripehrary the ability to detect detail is limited by

A

inference by nearby objects

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18
Q

rods are in the ____ and for ___ light and cones are in the ___ and for ____

A

peripherally, dim…..fovea, color

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19
Q

are there more rods or cones ? what’s the ratio?

A

more rods..20:1

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20
Q

visible lights consists of electromagnetic radiation within the range

A

less than 400nm to more than 700nm

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21
Q

why do we call the wavelengths light

A

the receptors in our eyes are tuned to detecting them

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22
Q

what does trichromatic theory/young helmholts theory say about how we see color

A

we perceive color through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each one maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths

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23
Q

how did hemholtz decide on three?

A

people could match any color by mixing appropriate amounts of just three wavelengths?

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24
Q

what happens when all 3 types of wavelengths are active

A

we see white or gray

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25
Q

which wave length cones are more abundant? because of this we its harder to see what dots

A

medium and long. blue

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26
Q

what is the difference in distribution of short medium and long wavelength cones

A

short is evenly while the other two are distributed haphazardly with differences among individuals .causes small differences. cones are so scarce in periphery no color vision there .

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27
Q

what is color constancy?

A

ability to recognize colours despite changes in lighting

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28
Q

why should we avoid talking about the color of a wave length of light?

A

a certain wavelength of light can appear as different colours depending on the background

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29
Q

explain retinx theory

A

combo of the words retina and cortex. the cortex is comparing information from different parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area…

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30
Q

what was dale purves idea that was more general of the retinix theory

A

whenever we see something we make an inference…visual perception requires reasoning and inference not just retinal stimulation

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31
Q

explain opponent process theory

A

color vision works in pairs….red,green..yellow blue..white black….when you stare at a color it gets fatigurd…this is because cells in the retina for example one gets excited by short and inhibited by medium/ long…but if you stare at blue for two long that cell becomes fatigued and stops firing as much. you get a decreased response leading you to perceive yellow

32
Q

why can opponent process theory not be the whole story

A

after images depend on the whole context, not just the light on individual receptors..the cerebral cortex must be responsible not the bipolar or ganglion cells

33
Q

where does the dorsal stream go through

A

parietal cortex

34
Q

what pathway is the dorsal stream

A

action, “how” because of importance for visually guided movements

35
Q

what happened to the patient who had damage to her ventral pathway

A

she couldn’t see objects but she could put an envelop through slot but she could not say wether it was horizontal or vertical

36
Q

what happens to patients with dorsal damge

A

they can identify objects they see while walking but not good at integrating vision with arm and leg movements so they bump into things

37
Q

where is secondary visual cortex

A

just anterior to v1 in the occipital cortex

38
Q

what is the difference between receptive feilds in v1 and v2

A

v2 receptive fields are elongated

39
Q

cells of what area respond to corners, textures or complex shapes?

A

v2

40
Q

which areas are highly sensitive to color and other the disparity between what the left and right eye sees

A

v2 and v3

41
Q

true or false: both area v1 and v2 respond to lines, edges or sine wave gratings

A

true

42
Q

cells in the _____ learn to recognize meaningful objects

A

inferior temporal cortex

43
Q

monkeys responded about the same to mirrored images but not to _____..why?

A

figure- ground reversal..they and humans perceive it as a white object with black background

44
Q

what happens after a bit of experience viewing an object vs at first?

A

at first the cell responds mainly to the angle it saw but after experience it responds almost equally to it at different angles regardless of major changes in the pattern that reaches the retina

45
Q

what is a possible bases of object permanence?

A

monkeys saw an object then new or surprising one appeared. some cells in inferotemprol cortex when an original object objeread and other cells responded strongly to a new object

46
Q

what is visual agnosia? explain how it presents

A

an inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision….damage to temporal lobe…can describe objects but fail to recognizenzie what they are

47
Q

true or false: most brain objects activate one brain area more than another in a specialized fashion

A

false

48
Q

what are the three objects that produces specific responses and what are the locations

A
  • pictures of places: parahippocampal cortex
  • faces: fusiform gyrus in inferior temporal cortex especially in right side
  • bodies: an area close to the face area
49
Q

how far one sees is dependant on what

A

how far light travels before it strikes ones eyes

50
Q

explain sensation vs perception

A

sensation is registration by the sensory organ (eyes) of a physical stimuli and perception is how we interpret what we see

51
Q

describe the cornea

A

clear outer covering, protects the eye, damage leads to eye pain and blurry vision

52
Q

what is the iris

A

colored area, opens and closes to allow less or light through the pupil

53
Q

the _______ is at the back of the eye, is the most important and has photo receptors

A

retina

54
Q

what are the two common refractive errors? describe them

A

usually, normal vision focuses directly on retina….

there is myopia (near sightedness : near to you is clear) where focal point light focuses in front of/ before the retina. the eyeball is elongated or curved on cornea

hyperopia: farsightedness: focal point falls behind the retina
lens can be too flat

55
Q

what is ther energy released by rods and cones when struck by light

A

proteins called oxins

56
Q

the perception of color depends on _____

A

wavelength of light

57
Q

what do night vision goggles use

A

infrared

58
Q

which color cones we have the least of

A

blue

59
Q

according to trichromatic theory what determines color

A

the ratio of activity across the three cones

60
Q

according to opponent process theory the brain perceives color on a continuum from ____ to____ and another ______ to _____

A

red to green, yellow to blue

61
Q

how does the inability to distinguosh between red and green occur

A

long and medium wavelength cones having the same photopigment

62
Q

which cells make inhibitory contact onto bipolar cells

A

horitzontal cells

63
Q

what happens when youre startled

A

information goes to the superior colliculis so that it can get there fast and not need higher response

64
Q

axons from the ____ (____) half of each retina cross over to the oppisite side of the brain. axons from the ______ (____) half of each retina remain on the same side of the brain

A

nasal (inside)……. temporal (outer)

65
Q

describe the optic chiasm

A

the junction of the 2 optic nerves from each eye

66
Q

most axons go to the ____

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

67
Q

what are receptive fields

A

part of the visual field that either excite or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain

68
Q

what kind of receptive field do ganglion cells have

A

centre-surround

69
Q

what are the three categories of genglion cells

A

parvocellular, magnocellular, koniocellular

70
Q

describe parvocellular cells

A

theyre in the fovea, small cell body, color

71
Q

describe magnocellular cells

A

large cell body, light and movement

72
Q

what is the inability to recognize faces called

A

prosopagnosia

73
Q

what about infants suggsest built in recogotion of faces

A

they look at them more than anything else

74
Q

the “________ responds to a stimulis moving in a particular direction

A

middle temporal cortex (mt/v5)

75
Q

the _______ respons to expansion, contraction or rotation of a visual stimulis

A

medial superior temporral cortex

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