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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what r the 2 types genes

A

sex linked and all other

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2
Q

two ways genes can change

A

mutation: heritable change in a dna molecule

micro deletion / duplication - part of a chromosome that might appear once may appear twice or not at all

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3
Q

explain the 2 widely studied mechanisms of epigenetic

A

histone remodelling -histone changes she and influences the shape of adjacent DNA ..can influence or decrease gene expression\

DNA methylation: methyl group attaches and tends to reduce adjacent DNA expression

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4
Q

overtime what happens to intelligence correlations between adopted siblings

A

decreases

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5
Q

genes account for about ____ percent of characteristics

A

50

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6
Q

what is PKU ? how can it be influenced

A

genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine …changes in diet can fix

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7
Q

how do genes produce behavior

A

produce proteins that increase the probability that a behavior will develop under certain circumstances

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8
Q

explain maturation of the brain

A

begins to form when an embryo is 2 weeks

  1. dorsal surface thickens, forming a neural tube surrounding a fluid filled cavity
  2. the forward end enlarges and differentiates into the hind brain, midbrain and forebrain
  3. the rest of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord
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9
Q

what are the 5 stages of development of neurons

A

proliferation, migrarton, diffraction, myelination, synaptogeniss

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10
Q

3 parts of proliferation

A

production of new cells/neruons
early in development the cells lining the ventricles divide
some cells become stem cells that continue to divide

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11
Q

what is important about migration

A

chemicals known as immunoglobulins and chemokine guide neuron migration

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12
Q

what chemicals guide migration

A

immunoglobulins and chemokine

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13
Q

what is differation

A

forming of the axon and dendrites that gives the neuron its distinctive shape …axon grows first

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14
Q

what order does myelination occur

A

spinal cord, hind brain, mid brain, forebrain

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15
Q

what is synaptogenisis..whats important about time

A

the formation of the synapses between neurons ..occurs throughout life as neurons are constanty forming new connections and discarding ……slows significantly later in lifetime

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16
Q

what does newer research on new neurons later in life say

A

stem cells: undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate “daughter cells “ that can transform into glia or neurones

stem cells differentiate into new neurons in the adult hippocampus of mammals and faccilitate learning

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17
Q

what did sherry’s research with newts show about axons

A

that they follow a chemical trail to reach their approximate target …by taking out eyes and rotating and then allowed them to recover

18
Q

describe duane syndrome

A

the nerves controlling the eye muscles send some of their axons to the wrong destinations
-try to turn eye message goes to muscle to contact

19
Q

describe competition among axons

A

when axons initially reach their target they form synapses with several cells

-post synaptic cells strengthen connection with some cells and eliminate connection with others

it depends on the pattern of incoming axons

20
Q

what are neurotropins

A

chemicals that promote the survival and activity of neurons….axons that are not exposed to neurotropins undergo apoptosis …matches axons to number of receiving cells…impotant for healthy brain

21
Q

what’s an example of a neurotropic

A

never growth factor: released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons

22
Q

what does alcohol exposure cause physiologically

A

short dendrites with fewer branches, suppression of glutamate and enchantment of gaba…less excitation and exposure to neurotropins than usual and undergo apoptosis

23
Q

what allows for more surface area for connections

A

dendrites continuously grow new spines

24
Q

the gain and loss of spines indicates

A

new connections which relates to learning

25
Q

what is an example of effects of special experiences

A

blind people improve attention to touch and sounds…occipital lobe can adapt to also process tactile and verbal information…touch activates occipital cortical area

26
Q

what is another special experience in relation to music

A

temporal lobe right hemisphere of musicians is 30 percent larger than non musicians….thicker grey matter precentral gyrus

results suggest that practicing a skill reorganizes brain to maximize performance of that skill

27
Q

what is the condition where reorganization of brain goes to far in musicians..what happens

A

focal hand dystonia ..fingers become clumsy fatigue and make involuntary movements ,,,,result of extensive reorganization of the sensory thalamus and cortex so touch responses to one finger over lap another

28
Q

some recovery of brain damage relies on what

A

growth of new branches of axons and dendrites

29
Q

5 examples of brain damage

A

tumors: abnormal proliferation cells
infections: tissue surrounding, fluid surrounding meininges

exposure to toxic substances or radiation …carbon dioxide

degenerative disease…parkkinsons

closed head injuries

30
Q

what is a stroke or cerebrovascular accident

A

temporary loss blood flow ro the brain

-common cause brain damage in the elderly

31
Q

what are the two types of strokes

A

ischia: most common..result of a blood clot or an obstruction of an artery ..also tia :transient ischemic attack.mini stroke
hemorrhage: less frequent, ruptured artery ..neurons flood excess blood and chemical…neurons loose oxygen,,,,usually permanent

32
Q

what do strokes cause?

A

edema: accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure and likelihood of further strokes
-disruption sodium potassium pimp
-release glutamate
sodium other things enter cell
blocks metabolism in mitochondria
kills the neuron

33
Q

how do we save neurons from death

A

blocking glutamate synapses and calcium entry thus blocking cell death

34
Q

3 stroke treatments?

A

tissues plasminogen activator…breaks up loot clots can reduce effects of ischmic strokes

blocking glutamate synapses and calcium entry

therapeutic hypothermia …cooling protects brain after ischmeia by reducing overstimulation apoptosis and inflammation….used a lot in cardiac arrest and is most successful

35
Q

what is diaschsis

A

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons. occurs cause activity in one area stimulates areas in others

36
Q

describe axonal regrowth in brain recovery

A

axons cannot regenerate but collateral sprouting can occur from an intact axon

37
Q

descrive denervation supersensitivity

A

tightened sensitive to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon,,,can cause chronic pain

38
Q

what is it called when there’s an illusion of an extra limb

A

supernumerary

39
Q

explain phantom limb

A

the continuation of sensation amputates body part. the cortex reorganizes itself by become responsive to other parts of the body..original axons degenerate leaving vacant synapses into which the axons….brain confuses it for that area of the body

40
Q

explain deafferented limb and what often people do

A

limbs that have lost their afferent sensory input. they can be used but harder so usually use something else

bio psych (9 decks)

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