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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was sherringtons discovery about reflexes

A

He studied how neurons communicate with each other in reflexes in a process known as reflex arc

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2
Q

describe the pathway involved in the reflex arc

A

sensory neuron gets information from sensory system, becomes exited and propagates to intrinsic neuron that becomes exited and excites motor neuron which travels along and excites a muscle..all happens at spinal cord

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3
Q

what did the reflex arc provide support of and why

A

the idea of a synapse, because it was slower than action potential accounting for the time for communication between neurons

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4
Q

what is the speed of conduction alone an axon? how slower in reflex arc?

A

40m/s …15m/s

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5
Q

compare temporal summation and spatial summation

A

temporal: multiple stimuli shortly after one another and can have a cumulative effect
spatial: synaptic input from several locations can have cumulative effect and trigger a nerve impulse

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6
Q

what does epsp stand for

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

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7
Q

EPSP is associated with the opening of

A

sodium channels

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8
Q

what is the IPSP served to act as

A

break that surpasses excitation

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9
Q

IPSP is associated with the opening of

A

potassium channels or the opening of chloride channels

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10
Q

where do the EPSPS AND IPSPS get summated?

A

axon hillock

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11
Q

neurons have a spontanoues firing rate, what decreasing these action potentials?

A

IPSPS

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12
Q

explain the frog experiment and what it proved

A

he stimulated the heart of one frog and then took the water and transferred to it to the water of another frog which also affected the vagus nerve causing heart rate to slow….this proved that he was transferring chemicals not electricity…the chemical involved was acetylcholine

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13
Q

explain diving radicardia and what causes it

A

the heart beat slows to almost stopping caused by acetylcholine

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14
Q

the heart beat slows to almost stopping caused by acetylcholine while diving this is called

A

radicardia

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15
Q

in the frog experiment he also discovered the chemical to speedup heart rate? which chemical and what processes are involved

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) fight or flight, heart rate increase, pupils dilate,..used for allergic reactions

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16
Q

describe the 6 steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. neurotransmitter synthesized inside the neuron. they’re built there and they are stored in vessicl
  2. released to the presynaptic membrane. this happens when an action potential occurs and calcium channels open and they bind to a protein that moves the vesicles and empties them into the synapse
  3. bind and activate receptor. they have to go a specific they have a preference. diffused across synaptic fab. they may depolarize or hyper polarize
  4. the neurotransmitter seperates
  5. its degraded or removed. so may simply diffuse or it may be degraded by enzymes or it may be rep uptake… astrocytes night take them up
  6. some cells have retrograde transmission.. release a chemical go back to presynaptic cell and say e don’t need this much
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17
Q

describes retrograde transmission

A

some cells release a chemical that goes back and say woah we don’t need as much neurotransmitter. so it send information back

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18
Q

neuropeptides are ___..examples

A

chains of amino acids .. endorphins, substance P, neuropeptide Y

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19
Q

monoamines are ____ they include

A

modified from amino acids…serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephirine

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20
Q

what are the 4 amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspirate

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21
Q

what is the one modified amino acid

A

acetylcholine

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22
Q

what are the three catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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23
Q

what are the purines

A

ATP, adenosine

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24
Q

what are the 6 classifications of neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, monoamines, modified amino acids, neuropeptides (chains of amino acids), purines, gases

25
Q

what are the three substances provided by diet involved in creating neurotransmitters

A

choline (found milk eggs nuts) to make acetylcholine, phenylanin, tryptophan

26
Q

describe chemical process of making dopamine..what foods

A

phenylanine, tryosine dopa, dopamine…proteins, hard cheeses, bananas

27
Q

people can be prescribed _____ to treat Parkinson’s which increase amount of dopamine transmitters

A

al dopa

28
Q

the term for when action potential comes down and causes the release of neurotransmitters

A

exocytosis

29
Q

describe MAO

A

some neurotransmitters have them, they break down excess levels of neurotransmitters so they don’t become toxic

30
Q

what are MAO inhibiters used for

A

they inhibit the MAO enzyme leaving more of the neurotranmitter in the cleft…people who are severely depressed, social phobias etc.

31
Q

describe the steps in an ionotropic receptor..what are the most common two …what are these receptors generally used for

A

its a binding site for neuron to come and bind to and then a pore opens that regulates ion flow to directly and rapidly change membrane voltage, so sodium potassium and calcium can cross the membrane…glutamate (excitatory) and gaba.

things for survival that you need immediately such as vision and auction

32
Q

describe the metabotropic receptor…what is is used for

A

it bends receptor protein that gores through the membrane of the cell. this bending is what allowed portion of protein to react with other moleculae. it indirectly produces changes in nearby ion channels or in the cells metabolic activity…behaviors such as taste, smell, pain

33
Q

neuropeptides..how do they differ from neurotranmitters …6 ways

A

synthesized in the cell body opposed to presypnaptic terminal, they are released from dendrites opposed to axon terminal, they are released by repeated depolarization opposed to single action potential, they release the nuropeptite of neighbouring cells instead of no affect, they diffuse to to wide areas instead o just receptors of adjacent postsynaptic cell, and their duration of effects last minutes compared to seconds/milliseconds

34
Q

compare agonist vs antagonist

A

agonist enhances function of a synapse, antagonist is a substance that blocks or decreases the function of a synapse

35
Q

describe how LSD works

A

resembles serotonin so it can bind to receptors and stimulate at inappropriate times and longer duration…causes subjective high and distortions

36
Q

describe how nicotine works

A

stimulates acetylchlone,,,in turn increase dopamine in certain areas that are responsible for reward

37
Q

Explain endorphins are and how opiates work

A

endoprhins are neuropeptides important for pain management…opiates such as morphine heroin work by binding to same receptors as endorphins and producing over amount

38
Q

what is the difference between coke and ritalin

A

they both block reuptake but ritalin does it in a more gradual way..so there’s more dopamine in the synapse

39
Q

what are two ways that the post synaptic cell communicates that it has enough neurotransmitters

A
  1. autoreceptors that detect the amount of a transmitter releases and inhibit synthesis and release
  2. post synaptic neurons test respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release. such as anandamide
40
Q

describe how cannibindoids work

A

bind to anandamide which signals presynaptic cell to stop sending neurotransmitter. they decrease both excitatory and inhibitory messages from many neurons. also bind to gaba

41
Q

describe electrical synapses and what they’re important for

A

they need to move faster, its the direct contact of the membrane of one neuron with the membrane of another, depolarization will occur in both cells and they will act as if they’re one…..importance for specialized behaviro such as rhythmic breathing

42
Q

hormones are produced by the ______

A

endocrine glands

43
Q

hormones are chemicals secreted by a gland that is transported to ______ by the ____, where it then ____

A

organs by the blood where it alters activity

44
Q

where does nitric oxide come from

A

local neurones release it

45
Q

all neurotransmitters are synthensized by neurons from _____ which the body obtains from ____

A

amino acids, proteins in the diet

46
Q

where are most neurotransmitters synthensized

A

presynaptic terminal

47
Q

when do neurons release nitric oxide

A

as soon as they form it

48
Q

most excitatory ionotropic synapses use _____

A

glutamate

49
Q

most inhibitory ionotropic synapses use ____

A

GABA

50
Q

during meyabotopic effects what happens to the protein

A

it releases GTP, increases concentration of a second messenger AMP which communicates to areas within the cell,,,it may open or close ion channels or activate portion of a chromosome

51
Q

what receptor mediates nausea

A

serotoninin receptor type 3

52
Q

how does reuptake occur?

A

through special membrane proteins called transporters

53
Q

what enzyme breaks down neurotransmitters

A

COMT

54
Q

why do people get depressed after taking a stimulant

A

COMT breaks down before the presynaptic cell can replace it and the stimulant has inhibiting the transporters responsible for the reuptake

55
Q

what are three reverse transmitters

A

nitric oxide, anandamide, 2AG

56
Q

describe the telephone radio analogy between hormones and neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters send a signal like a telephone, only to the intended receiver…hormones send a signal like a radio, going to anyone tuned to the right station

57
Q

what are the two types of hormone? what do they activate?

A

protein, peptide….attatch to membrane receptors and activate a second messenger

58
Q

the _____ gland is attached to the hypothalamus and has two parts

A

pituitary…anterior and posterior

bio psych (9 decks)

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