chapter 3 Flashcards
what is the first two branches of the peripheral nervous system? explain
somatic nervous system: voluntary muscles, converts sensory info to the CN
autonomic nervous system: controls heart and intestines, can prepare internal for rest and digest or fight or flight
what are the two branches of the autonomic efferent nerves
sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest, release of acetlycholine)
afferent information comes from _____ pathways while efferent information comes from _____ pathways
sensory, motor
what are the three plane slices? explain
horisontal : horizontal at face
sagital plane : left and right of top of head
coronal plane: front and back of top of head
rostral is towards the _____, candle is towards the ____
nose, tail
the spinal cord is within the spinal _____
collum
in the spinal cord entering _____ roots carry sensory information and exiting _____ roots carry motor information
dorsal, ventral
______ is towards the top of the head while _____ is towards the bottom
dorsal, ventral
cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons where
outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia
what are the two types of matter in the spinal cord? explain
grey matters…in the centre of the spinal cord and contains the cell bodies and dendrites, densely packed to make dark
white matter: myelinated axons that carry information from grey matter to the brain
where are cell bodies of the motor neurons?
inside the spinal cord
sensory nerves navigate _____ while motor nerves navigate ____
dorsally, ventrally
what are the three main divisions of the brain
forebrain, mid brain, hindbrain
what are the 5 parts of the forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
what are the 6 parts of the mid brain
tectum, tegmenjtum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra
what are the three parts of the mid brain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
which part of hind brain is most inferior
medulla
hindbrain structures, midbrain and other central structures make up the _____
brain stem
what is the medulla responsible for
vital reflexed such as breathing heart rate vomiting etc
_______ allow medulla to control sensations from the head and many parasymptethic movements….how many are there
12 pairs
in the medulla there’s a lot of _____ receptors
opiate
the pons lay on ______
each side of the medulla
the ______ is where axons from each half of the brain cross to the opppistie side of the spinal cord
pons
which part of brain contains the most neurons
cerrebullum
what is cerrebelum important for
motor movement, balance, coordination
shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
the _______ is the dopamine pathway for movement
substantia nigra
describe parkinsons disease
death od dopamine neurons in the substantiated nigra resulting in movement disorders
superior and inferior colloculis are important for ____ and they also
processing sensory input, producing orientating movements of head
the _____ is the roof of the midbrain
tectum
describe tegmentum
contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of reticular formation for sleep and wakefulness
the fotrbain consist of the _____ and the ____
outer cortex and subcortical regions
the outer portion of the cerebral cortex is known as
cerebral cortex
the _________ is interlinked structures that form a border around brain stem
limbic system
what are the 5 parts of the limbic system
olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus if the cerebral cortex
what are the subcortical structures ? what do they do ?
thalamus…relay station from sensory organs…hypthalamus: conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones
the basal ganglia compromises the ____ ,
_____ and _____
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
what is basal ganglia important for
planning motor movement, aspects memory emotional expression, attention, language
what particular memories important in hippocampus
individual events
_______ is c shaped and towards posterior portion of the brain
hippocampus
the ventrals are four ______that contain..what does this do?
fluid filled cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that provides cushioning for the brain and provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord
too much cerebrospinal fluid can result in ______…why? how can they fix?
hydrocephalus….its blocked from flowing and it pushes on the brain and can result in brain damage…put in shunt and take fluid out
what are meninges
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
is meningitis bacterial or viral
could be either
what is the cause of migraines
swollen blood vessels in meninges
what is the most prominent area of mammalian brain
cerebral cortex
compare layer 4 and layers 5/6 in cerebral cortex. what are these layers called
laminae. layer 4 is thick in sensory cortex because it receives axons from sensory nuclei of thalamus.
layer 5/6 is thick in motor cortex as it has greatest control of muscles
precentral gyrus is the primary ______ cortex while post central gyrus is the primary ____ cortex
motor, sensory
the occipital lobe is also known as the ____ cortex
striate
what is it called when the eye is healthy but damage to occipital lobe results in blindness
cortical blindness
what is the parietal lobe responsible for ..what can damage result in
target for touch sensations, essential for spatial information and numerical information,,,,difficulty identifying stimulation, inability to pay attention to certain things in environment
the temporal lobe is essential for _________, its also resonsible for
processing spoken language….complex aspects vision including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviours
what is kluver bacer syndrome?
damage to temporal lobes. excessive oral tendencies, emotional changes esp fear, extremest sexuality, indifference
what does a prefrontal lobotomy do to the brain? who was it mostly used on
disconnects prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain..schizophrenia
what are the 4 research methods
examine effects of brain damage, examine effects of stimulating brain are, record brain activity during behaviour, correlate anatomy with behavior
ablation is ?
removal of a brain area
what is a sterotaxic instrument
used to damage structure in interior of the brain
what is tms
transcranial magnetic stimulation…..intense magnetic field to portion of scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet. ,,,can be used to treat depression by receptive stimulation nerve cells
what’s an EEG
electroencephalograph ..measures summed graded potentials from thousands of neurons ,,,can show changed with behavior
how long to get to clavicle and then how much more for it to travel to brain and realize
9ms, 20ms
describe magnetoencephalogrpah
measures faint magnetic fields generated by brian activity…32 localization fo cells…high resolution but high cost
what are the two structural neuroimaging? explain
computed tomography: ct scan: xray at many different angles to create 3d image cheap and quick
magnetic resonance imaging: MRI: 3d image passing strong magnetic guild through brain followed by a radio wave then measuring the radiation emitted from hydrogen atoms..measures the reallignment
describe PET
positron emission tomography: functional neuroimaging: radioactive molecules are injected into bloodstream..active brain areas use more blood so radio active molecules travel to that area
describe subtraction
functional neuroimaging ; contro task and experimental task..mean difference
