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learning and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

whats the 2 things clive wearing can remember

A

his wife and playing piano

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2
Q

what is learning defined as

A

relativley permanant change in an organisms behavior as a result of experience. memory is a mental representation of that previous experience

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3
Q

learning traditionaly thought in these two categories

A

classical conditioning and operant/instrumental conditioning

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4
Q

in instrumental conditioning a behaviour is followed by a

A

reinforcer or punishment

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5
Q

what are lashleys two principles

A

equipotentionality: all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behavior learning

mass action: the cortex works as a whole and more cortex is better

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6
Q

what was faulty about lashley

A

only investgated the cortexc and only investigated one type of learnign

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7
Q

PET scans on young adults led to the discovery that the ____ is critical for classical conditioning..but only if

A

cerrebelum..the delay between onsent of CS and UCS is short

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8
Q

richard f thomsom and collegues suggested classical condition engram is located in

A

cerrebelum

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9
Q

______ identified as central ffor learning ..responses increase as learning proceeds

A

lateral interpositus

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10
Q

describe richard thomsons experiment with bunnies

A

presented a tone (CS) then a air puff (UCS), eventually the bunnies blinked when just presented with a tone. when they used cooling to shut off the LIP (lateral interppositus nucleus), they showed no responses in training and afterwards acted as if they had no training. when they turned off the red nucleus the bunnies also had no response but after stopping the supression the bunnies immediatley showed trained response. showing that LIP critical for learning but red nucleus just critial for response

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11
Q

emotional events enhance consolidation since they cause release of ____ and _____ to activate the ___ and ___

A

epinephrine and cortisol…amygdala and hippocampus

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12
Q

_____ increases release of norepinephrine

A

locus coeruleus

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13
Q

research on working memory points to the ____ for the storage of this informaiton

A

prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

whats is korsakoffs syndrome caused by

A

prolonged b1/thiamine defceicany it impedes brains ability to metabolize glucose, loss of shrinkage of neurons in brain

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15
Q

distincitve symptom of korsakoffs syndrome

A

taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory

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16
Q

only way to tell if its alzimes is if we

A

do autopsy and see gyri are shrunken and verticles are so large experience severe cell loss

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17
Q

people with alzimers have better ___ memory

A

procedural

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18
Q

alzimers is genetic but on prior to the age of

A

65

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19
Q

researches beleive alzimers to have an issue on chromosome 21 because

A

poeple with down syndrome get it early

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20
Q

there is no drugs for progression of alzimers but hope with

A

biogens aducanumab targets amloid

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21
Q

alzimers is associated with an accumulation and clumpting of these two brain proteins

A

amyloid beta protein

abnormal form of the tau protein

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22
Q

the amyloid proteins is found

A

between neurons

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23
Q

what do amyloid proteins do

A

create plaques from damaged axons and dendrites, cause neruonal degeneration dying axond to clump together….produces widespread atrophy of cerbral cortex hippocampus other areas

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24
Q

the abnormal form of tau protein is found

A

in neurons themselves

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25
Q

what do the tau proteins do

A

create tangles,,,get all tangled up and have degeneration within neurons themselves

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26
Q

3 parts of hypothesis of infant amnesia

A

learning language and reasoning
changes in hippocampus and growth of new neurons
new learning weakens old memories

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27
Q

hm had ___ removed and had difficulting with

A

hippocampus, long term memories

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28
Q

lm couldnt recognize in photo but could recgonize ….becuase

A

photo…mirrior, remembers what a mirror si

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29
Q

if he had no distraction lm could remember number for ____…

A

15 minutes

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30
Q

semantic memory is memories of _____ while episodic memory is memories of ____

A

factual information

personal events

31
Q

hm has severeley impaired ____ memory

A

episodic

32
Q

what is implicit memory

A

-influence of experiecne on behavior even if one doesnt recognize influence

33
Q

procedual memory is

A

development of motor skills and habits . hm had could read words backwards

34
Q

research on hippocampus function suggests its critcal for

A

declarative memories especially episodic memory

35
Q

describe the matching to sample task and relation to hippocampus

A

animal sees an object and after delay has to pick it or afterwards has to pick one that is not it. damage to the hippocampus impairs this task, proves hippocampus role in declarative/episodic memory

36
Q

two experiments that show the hippocampus is important for remembering locations

A

radial maze-rat cant remember which arms it already went in

morris water- if the plat form is moved or they start from new place the rats become disorientated

37
Q

proof in humans of hippocampus spatial?

A
  • taxi drivers being asked navigation questions while in PET scans
  • mri also showed they had larger hippocampus
38
Q

describe place cells

A

hippocampal neurons tuned to particulr spatial locations..rats cells become active as rats are imagining going down a path

39
Q

describe time cells

A

many place cells function as time cells. they become active at a particular time, say a rat has to run on treadmill for 20 seconds to receive an award

40
Q

place cells reveive input from ___ cells in the ____ cortex

A

grid cells, entorhinal cortex

41
Q

so what cells are responsible for spatial memory

A

time, place..grid

42
Q

what shape are grid cells in

A

horizontal

43
Q

when learning habits youre using the ____

A

striatum

44
Q

the striatum is made up of the ____ and _____

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

45
Q

true or false: most tasks activate both the hippocampus

A

true

46
Q

_____ associated with peicing information together

A

parietal lobe

47
Q

damage to the anterior temporal complex results in

A

loss of semantic memory…problem with long term storage of general knowledge

48
Q

a hebbian synapse is one that can increase its effectivneess as a result of

A

simutaneous activity in the presynaptic and post synaptic neurons

49
Q

what is the aplysia

A

a slug like intervrate that is often stufied due to its large neruons

50
Q

habituation is

A

decrease in response to stimuli that is repeated

51
Q

what is sensitization

A

increase in response to a mild stimulis after intense

stimulis has been presented previously

52
Q

in slug, sensitizaiton depends on the release of

_____, you get this release and it blocks ____ which

A

serotonin….potassium channels….prolongs release of neurotransmitters

53
Q

sea slugs habituate to the water how

A

to the waves, they dont flinch or withdraw gill when wave passes

54
Q

what happens to channels and neurons in habituation

A

calcium channels become less responsive to an action potential, less depolarization and motor neuron is not going to fire

55
Q

what happens to channels in sensitization in sea slug

A

depends on serotonin, blocks sodium channels in presynaptic neurons, you get prolonged period of depolarization

56
Q

LTP is the _____ in response to experience

A

cellular change

57
Q

long term potentiation leaves synapse potentiated for a period of time and means neuron is more

A

responsive

58
Q

long term potentiation might be the underlying cellular mechanism for

A

learning and memory

59
Q

what are the three properties of long term potentiation

A

specifity, cooperatively, associaitvley

60
Q

describe specifity

A

if some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active onlt the active ones become strengthened, failure of specifity is one cause of imparied learning

61
Q

describe cooperaativity

A

nearly simutaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP more strongly than does repeated stimulation by just one axon

62
Q

describe associativity

A

pairing a weak inout with a strong input enhances later response . in some cases almost completley inactive synapse become active after LTP

63
Q

describe long term depression

A

prolonged dexrease in response at a synapse for exons that have been less active than others

64
Q

why is long term depression a compensory process

A

as one synapse strengthens another weakens, brain not burning way too much fuel

65
Q

ltp depends on changes at

A

glutamate synapses

66
Q

what are the two types of glutamate receptors

A

AMPA AND NMDA

67
Q

the magnesium molecules block the ___

A

NMDA receptors

68
Q

repeated glutamate exitation of AMPA receptors

A

depolarizes the membran

69
Q

if enough ions get in through the AMPA receptor the depolarization can

A

kick off the magnesium blocker

70
Q

after the magnesuim is kicked off ___ and ___ can vome in

A

calcium and sodium

71
Q

calcium can acctivation a proteins which is being responsive to glutamate and can allow

A

more dendritic building and leading to the release of a protein called CREB

72
Q

what protein does entry of calcium activate

A

camkll

73
Q

extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of reterograde transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell and causes the following changes

A

-reduces threshold for producing action potential
increase neurotransmitter release
expansion of the axons
transmitter release from additional sites

bio psych (9 decks)

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