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chapter one Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the glia do

A

Provide support to neurons

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2
Q

How many neurons are there

A

86 billion

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3
Q

cajal was the first to demonstrate what about cells in the nervous system? What did he use to demonstrate this?

A

The individual cells comprising the nervous system remain separate and don’t merch he did this using a Golgi stain a silver staining to visualize nervous tissue under microscope

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4
Q

What is the neuron hypothesis

A

That cells are discreet and not interconnected fibres

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5
Q

What part of the cell acts like a gatekeeper

A

Membrane

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6
Q

What part of the celll contains chromosomes and genes of the cell

A

nucleus

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7
Q

What part of the cell make proteins

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the Endo plasmic reticulum

A

Folded layers of membranes where proteins are assembled

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9
Q

What is the main difference between regular cells and neurons

A

Neurons all have a distinctive shape

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10
Q

Blank collect information from other cells and send it toward the cell body while blank get info from the cell body and carries messages to other cells

A

dendrites, axons

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11
Q

What is the core region of a neuron

A

Cell body or Soma

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12
Q

Give three descriptors of dendrites

A

Branching fibers, their surface are lined with synoptic receptors, they have done dendritic spines

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13
Q

What are dendritic spines? what is their function?

A

Protrusions that further branch out and further increase surface area of dendrites. the greater the surface area of the dendrite the more information the cell can receive

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14
Q

What is the cell body responsible for?

A

Metabolic work of the neuron

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15
Q

What is the axon hillock

A

Juncture of soma and axon where axon potential begins

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16
Q

Does an axon hillock branch into one or multiple axon collaterals?

A

It could do either

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17
Q

The end of an axon is like a blank that is called the blank

A

knob, presynaptic terminal

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18
Q

The interruptions along the axon that are not covered in Myelin are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

Blank neurons are known as multipolar neurons, while blank neutrons are known as bipolar neurons

A

motor, sensory

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20
Q

Describe a motor neuron..where are they

A

extensive dendritic networks, large cell bodies, long axons that connect to muscles…..in lower brain steam nd spinal cord

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21
Q

describe sensory neurons

A

really simple compared to motor, bring sensory from body into spinal cord, sometimes really long distance, dendrite connected directly to the axon

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22
Q

Describing interneuron

A

Dendrites and axons completely contained within a single structure

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23
Q

What are the four main types of Glia cells

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligdendocytes/schwann, radial glia

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24
Q

Describe the astrocytes

A

Star shaped glia cells help synchronize activity of axon by wrapping around presynaptic terminal and take up chemicals released. They dilate blood vessels which allows more nutrients to come into brain tissues that have heightened activity

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25
Q

Describe microglia

A

very small, remove waste material, removing virus and fungus, remove dead, dying damaged neurons, you find them a lot in areas of brain damage

26
Q

describe oligdendocytes and Schwann cells

A

both responsible for building myelin sheath that arounds axons…olig are in CNS and schwann are in PNS

27
Q

describe radial glia

A

guide migration of neurons and growth axon and dendrite in embryonic development

28
Q

what nutrient can cross blood brain barrier?

A

glucose: its the neurons food source

29
Q

why can oxygen and carbon dioxide cross blood brain barrier

A

very small

30
Q

why can antidepressants and illegal drugs pass blood brain barrier

A

fat soluble

31
Q

Explain astrocytes role in the blood brain barrier

A

The end of astrocytes attached to blood vessels causing the vessels to bind closely together and therefore prohibit entry to a bunch of substance

32
Q

Describe the neuron at rest and the charge if the inside of the membrane

A

The membrane maintains electrical gradient known as polarization. Inside a slightly negative with respects outside at about -70 mV

33
Q

How do you measure a neurons electrical activity

A

Use two microelectrodes one intracellular electrode and one extra cellular electrode when both of them are on the outside the electrical difference is zero when the intracellular penetrates the neuron the potential jumps to -70 mV

34
Q

What are the four charged particles that take part in producing resting membrane potential

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride, large negative charged protein particles

35
Q

which particles are on the in and outside of the cell?

A

potassium and protein on inside, sodium and chloride

36
Q

Which particle is voltage gated

A

Sodium

37
Q

what is the pump that sits on the membrane?

A

protein that sits on the membrane, its a sodium potassium pump..pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

38
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump require

A

active tranport

39
Q

describe the difference between the electrical gradient and the concentration gradient

A

the electrical gradient is the difference in charge across a membrane. the positive ions want in the cell because it is negatively charged. the cocentration gratin is the relative abundance of a substance in space. ions with high concentration want to diffuse to a place with lower diffusion so potassium wants to go outside and sodium wants to come inside

40
Q

generally the concentration results in what for potassium and sodium and why? what’s the result?

A

potassium does leak out becausse its undated, sodium doesn’t because its gated. the sodium potassium pump restores the order to maintain the resting membrane potential

41
Q

how much more potassium inside cell

A

about 20x

42
Q

how much more sodium outside

A

about 10x

43
Q

does chloride contribute to potentials? why or why not?

A

not really, the concentration gradient and voltage gradient are pretty equal

44
Q

an action potential is a ____ impulse

A

nerve

45
Q

the electric current rises, and when it reaches a certain threshold opens the _________ because it was _____ dependant

A

sodium gate, voltage

46
Q

describe the ionic basics of the action potential

A

depolarizing current comes into cell, the electrical current rises, if it reaches the threshold at axon then the sodium gates open. the sodium ions flow in and subsequent nerve pulse occurs, propagating down. after the action potential occurs, the sodium gates quickly close…it returns to resting state by opening of potassium …the sodium potassium pumps later restores the original distribution of ions

47
Q

what is the main point of all or none law

A

the action potential amplitude and velocity are independent of the stimulus that initiated …all action potentials intensity and speed are the same

48
Q

describe absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

A

absolute is the first part the membrane absolutey cannot reproduce another action potential…..relative it takes a stronger than usual stimuli

49
Q

the state of the inside of the cell during the refractory period is known as _____ and is down to ….why does this happen

A

hyper polarization, -90….the potassium gate is slow to close

50
Q

________ refers to when a nerve impulse jumps from node to node

A

salatory conduction

51
Q

why is there a refractory period

A

to keep the propagation traveling one way, away from the initial stimulation

52
Q

what causes multiple sclerosis? what happens in brain as result? how does this manifest in behavior?

A

damage of myeline….the autoimmune system innapropriatley attacks the CNS and destroys the myelin….nerve impulses can then be slowed or blocked all together. results in fatigue, lack of coordination, sensory, cognitive and motor impairments

53
Q

describe local neurons

A

very short axons that only exchange information with neighbours, don’t produce action potential they produce graded potential

54
Q

to use glucose the body needs _____

A

thiamine

55
Q

metabolizing glucose requires _____ so neurons need a steady supply of it

A

oxygen

56
Q

active transport is a ____ mediated process

A

protein

57
Q

chemicals that require active transport to get into the brain include

A

amino acids, purines, choline, a few vitamins and iron

58
Q

describe the basis of alzimers disease

A

cells lining the brains blood vessels shrink, allowing harmful chemicals into the brain

59
Q

how fast a drug works is heavily dependant on what

A

how readily it dissolves in fats

60
Q

describe viruses that pass the blood brain barrier

A

rabies, syppillis,
chickenpox: which remain there after being exterminated from rest of the body and may emerge from spinal cord later causing shingles, virus responsible for genital herpes hides in nervous system periodically emerging

bio psych (9 decks)

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