Psych 8

Question 1

social action

Answer 1

actions and behaviors that individuals are concious of and performing because others are around

Question 2

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Answer 2

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which increases ability to perform simple tasks and hinders performance of complex tasks.

Question 3

Social facilitation

Answer 3

describes the tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that other people are around due to perceived evaluation

Question 4

Deindividaution

Answer 4

is a loss of self-awareness in large groups, which can lead to drastic changes in behavior.

Question 5

The bystander effect

Answer 5

describes the observation that when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need. Depends on degree of danger and cohesiveness of group.

Question 6

Social Loafing

Answer 6

Individual puts less effort when in a group

Question 7

Identity shift effect

Answer 7

If a person’s identity is different than a group’s, the person will conform their behavior to the norm. This is because behavior against the norm causes internal conflict, so shift identity.

Question 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 8

simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts/opinions

Question 9

Choice shift

Answer 9

initial idea not extreme, but through discussion, becomes more extreme. Can either become too exterme or too cautions.

Question 10

Cultural transmission/learning

Answer 10

manner in which society socializes its members

Question 11

Cultural diffusion

Answer 11

spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones)

Question 12

Peer pressure

Answer 12

refers to the social influence placed on individuals by others they consider equals. E.g. the bar length experiment

Question 13

Group polarization

Answer 13

is the tendency toward making decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas.

Question 14

Culture

Answer 14

describes the beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

is the process by which a group or individual’s culture begins to melt into another culture

Question 16

Multiculturalism

Answer 16

refers to the encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

Question 17

Subcultures

Answer 17

refer to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

Question 18

Counterculture

Answer 18

subculture away from the norm

Question 19

primary socialization

Answer 19

children learn from parents and adults. Provides foundation for creating personality

Question 20

secondary socialization

Answer 20

socialization with smaller group of society. Typically with adolescents and adults and smaller changes and refinements compared to primary socialization.

Question 21

Socialization

Answer 21

is the process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs.

Question 22

Anticipatory socialization

Answer 22

process by which someone preps for future changes

Question 23

Resocialization

Answer 23

discarding old behaviors in favor of new ones

Question 24

Norms

Answer 24

are what determine the boundaries of acceptable behavior within society

Question 25

Mores

Answer 25

widely accepted norms

Question 26

sanctions

Answer 26

penaliteis for misconduct

Question 27

folkways

Answer 27

norms that refer to polite behaviors

Question 28

Labeling theory

Answer 28

labels given to someone affect not only how others repond to the person, but also the other person's self-image.

Question 29

Stigma

Answer 29

is the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society

Question 30

Internalization

Answer 30

changing behaviors and agreeing with ideas

Question 31

Identification

Answer 31

outward acceptance, but internally disagreeing with ideas

Question 32

Deviance

Answer 32

refers to any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society. May be positive or negative.

Question 33

Conformity

Answer 33

is changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society. E.g. prison guard experiment.

Question 34

Compliance

Answer 34

occurs when individuals change their behavior based on the requests of others. Usually from someone with authority.

Question 35

foot-in-door

Answer 35

small request to larger request

Question 36

door-in-face

Answer 36

large request (refused) to smaller request

Question 37

low-ball

Answer 37

get initial commitment then raise the cost of commitment

Question 38

that's-not-all

Answer 38

made offer then told deal is better than expected

Question 39

obedience

Answer 39

is a change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure.

Question 40

social cognition

Answer 40

how people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Question 41

Affective component of attitude

Answer 41

Way person feels toward something. Emotional component.

Question 42

Behavioral component of attitude

Answer 42

Way person acts with respect to something

Question 43

Cognitive component of attitude

Answer 43

Way somone thinks about it (e.g. knowing something is dangerous)

Question 44

Functional attitudes theory

Answer 44

states that there are four functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life: knowledge (attitudes provide consistency and stability to thoughts and experiences), ego-expression (allows us to communicate and solidify self-identity) and , adaptability (one will be socially accepted if socially accepted attitudes are expressed), and ego defense (protect self-esteem and justify actions we know are wrong)

Question 45

Learning theory

Answer 45

states that attitudes are developed through forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction and conditioning

Question 46

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 46

states that attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of information processing based on the degree of elaboration central route processing (deep thinking) vs. peripheral route processing (shallow thinking, focus on superficial)

Question 47

Social cognitive theory

Answer 47

states that attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, personal factors and environment

Question 48

Modeling:

Answer 48

copying others

Question 49

Group polarization

Answer 49

is a phenomenon where group decision-making amplifies the original opinion of group members. First, all the view does not have equal influence. Second, arguments made tend to favour popular view and any criticism is minority – confirmation bias.

Question 50

Groupthink

Answer 50

occurs when maintaining harmony among group members is more important than carefully analyzing problem at hand. Happens in very cohesive, insulated groups. Often have important/respected leaders, and in the interest of group “unity” individuals suppress own opinions.

Question 51

Cognitive attitude

Answer 51

involves someone's beliefs and knowledge. What someone knows to be true can affect one's attitude towards certain issues. E.g., If you know that lions are dangerous, your attitude towards them may be negative and fearful.

Question 52

Affective attitude

Answer 52

involves someone's feelings or emotions, which largely shape our attitude. E.g., If you love someone, you will most likely address them with a positive, loving attitude.

Question 53

Behavioral attitude

Answer 53

involves someone's actions. Our behavior is greatly dependent on our attitude. E.g., If we have a positive attitude, we are more likely to behave productively.