Psych 5

Question 1

William James and William Mcdougall

Answer 1

Proponents of instinct theory of motivation

Question 2

Instinct theory of motiation

Answer 2

people perform behavior due to instinct

Question 3

Arousal theory of emotion

Answer 3

People perform actions to maintain the optimal state of arousal. Not too high and not too low.

Question 4

Drives

Answer 4

a drive is a sense of urgency, stemming from physiological feelings of discomfort, including, thirst, hunger, and tiredness. (homeostasis)

Primary drives = bodily processes
Secondary drives = accomplishments and emotions

Question 5

Needs

Answer 5

this includes drives as well as higher-level needs, such as self-actualization (realizing one’s full potential, finding meaning outside one’s self).

Question 6

Drive reduction theory

Answer 6

states that a physiological discomfort will cause someone to carry out a certain behavior to ease that discomfort. (i.e. you feel thirsty, so you drink water).

Question 7

Incentive theory

Answer 7

states that our behavior is a result of conscious choices that we make to minimize pain and maximize pleasure.

Question 8

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 8

states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 9

Goal-Setting theory

Answer 9

states that there is a link between goal setting and task performance, and that by setting and achieving small goals (and receiving positive feedback), we are more likely to accomplish more difficult goals later.

Question 10

Need-based theory of motivation

Answer 10

“Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs”, developed by Abraham Maslow, states that there are five levels of human needs (from low-level to higher-level needs). Levels include:

1) Physiological needs- includes the need to maintain homeostasis (food, water, body temperature, oxygen, ability to reproduce).
2) Safety needs- includes the need to feel safe and protected in one’s environment.
3) Social needs- includes the need to feel like you belong (feelings of love and appreciation, avoidance of loneliness).
4) Esteem needs- includes the need to achieve independence, self-esteem, and to receive respect from peers.
5) Self-actualization- when all these needs are met, one can realize one’s full potential, and find external meaning.

Question 11

Self-determination tehroy

Answer 11

emphasizes the role of three universal needs in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others: autonomy, competence and relatedness

Question 12

Opponent-process theory

Answer 12

explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 13

Biological motivators

Answer 13

includes hunger, thirst, sex drive, body temperature, etc. (e.g., If we are hungry, we look for something to eat. If we are thirsty, we seek out water to drink.)

Question 14

Sociocultural motivators

Answer 14

includes social constructs as motivators (e.g., what is socially considered the “ideal” body weight and appearance may affect how much you exercise and eat).

Question 15

Cognitive

Answer 15

this is how you choose to interpret your emotion. For example, if your father is having heart surgery, you may understand this to be a dangerous situation, and dangerous situations make you nervous.

Question 16

Physiological

Answer 16

this is how your body physically reacts to any given emotion. For example, if you are nervous, you may feel your heart beat faster, have sweaty palms, etc.

Question 17

Behavioral

Answer 17

this is how you express your emotion. So, if you are nervous, perhaps you will bounce your legs, tap your pencil, pace back and forth, etc.

Question 18

Seven universally recognized emotions:

Answer 18

Happiness/joy, Sadness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Anger, Contempt

Question 19

The Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 19

states that people tend to perform at their optimum ability when they are moderately emotionally stimulated (arousal). This is to say that when people are extremely emotional, or totally non-emotional, they are less likely to perform at their best.

Question 20

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 20

physiological arrousal precedes the experienceing of emotions

Question 21

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 21

states that the physiological and cognitive aspects of emotion occur independently and simultaneously. Once these have occurred, the behavioral aspect will be carried out.

Question 22

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 22

states that in emotion, we first experience physiological stimulation, then we cognitively interpret what is happening (including surrounding context), which then leads us to the emotion we are experiencing.

Question 23

The amygdala is largely responsible for

Answer 23

the emotions we experience. Helps us to interpret facial expressions and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memeory (e.g. remembering the actual feeling of emotion)

Question 24

The hypothalamus

Answer 24

interacts with the prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain decides how someone will choose to behave because of an emotion they are experiencing. (Releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal.)

Question 25

William Master and Virginia Johnson

Answer 25

measured physiological arousal during sex in males and females and found similar levels between the two. Therefore, differences due to cultural

Question 26

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 26

Studied how often people had sex and with whom

Question 27

Thalamus

Answer 27

is the sensory processing station

Question 28

Hippocampus

Answer 28

creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories. (storage and retrieval of emotional memory).

Question 29

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 29

planning, expressing personality and making decisions

Question 30

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 30

experiencing emotion

Question 31

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision-making.

Question 32

Primary appraisal

Answer 32

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, bening, positive or stressful

Question 33

Secondary appraisal

Answer 33

directed at avaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm threat and challenge. If believe can cope, will have less stress

Question 34

eustress

Answer 34

positive stressor

Question 35

distress

Answer 35

unpleasant stressor

Question 36

Three stages of general adaptation syndrome (Hans selye)

Answer 36

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 37

Approach-Approach conflict

Answer 37

Need to choose between 2 desireable options

Question 38

Avoidance-Avoidance

Answer 38

choose between 2 undesireable options

Question 39

Approach-Avoidance

Answer 39

only one choise but outcome could be positive or negative