Psych 10 Flashcards
Which part of the brain is activated during agression?
amygdala
Which part of the brain controls aggressive behavior?
prefrontal cortex
What hormone causes aggression?
Testosterone
Cognitive neoassociation model
more likely to show aggression when already feeling negative emotions
Secure attachment
requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore, know he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver
Avoidant attachment
occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers
Ambivalent attachment
occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistnet response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes negelctful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalend when he or she returns.
Anxious-ambivalent attachment = when child is anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Disorganized attachment
occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusve; the child shows no clear pattern or behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors e.g. rocking. They may seem dazed, frozen or confused
Esteem support
Affirms the qualities and skills of the person
Informational support
providing useful information to a person
Network support
providing a sense of belonging to a person
Lateral Hypothalamus Controls _____
satiety (less hungry)
Ventral Medial Hypothalamus Controls _____
hunger (very much hungry)
Polygyny
a male with multiple femalse
Mate choice
is the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits
Phenotypic benefit of mate choice
observable traits that make mate more attractive. Usually invovles increased protection and survival of offspring
Sensory bias
develop trait to match preexisiting preference that exhists in population. E.g. crabs search for food on the horizon and look for structures that break the horizon, so male crabs build pillars around territories to attract mates.
fisherian or runway selection
positive feedback where trait that doesn’t impact survival is exaggerated over time because trait is sexually desireable
Indicator trait
trait that signifies good health and well being (e.g. not necessarily genetic like cleanliness(
Genetic compatibility
attraction to others with different characteristics (genetic diversity = less recessive disorders)
Empathy
ability to experience emotions of others
Altruisim
is a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior. Individual helps others when feel empathy.
Game theory
attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game. Is used in biology to talk about fitness in terms of evolution.
Evolutionary stable stragtegy
When ESS is adopted by a given population, in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent other evolutionary strategies from arising.
Hawk-dove game
competition and equilibrium between reward and cost of fighting
4 alternatives to competition
Altruism: the donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to himself
Cooperation: both the donor and receipient benefit by cooperating
Spite: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
Selfishness: the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted
Inclusive fitness
is a measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others. Altruistic behavior can improve fitness and success of a species as a whole.
Social perception/social cognition
is the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. It contains a perceiver, his or her target and the situation or social context of the scenario. The perceiver is influenced by experiences, motive, and emotional state.
Implicit personality theory
states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related. (stereotyping)
The primacy effect
refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions. After the categorization of a person is established, the perceiver will selectivly perceive cues that align with the person’s category.
The recency effect
is when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impression
Reliance on central traits
is the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver
halo effect
is when judgementts of individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual.
the just-world hpothesis
is the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people (leads to victim blaming)
Self-serving bias
refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.
self-enhancement
need to maintain one’s self-worth. Increases self-esteem and self-serving bias.
Attribution theory
focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior
Dispositional (internal) cause of behavior
are those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered (e.g. beliefs, attitudes, personality characteristics)
Situational (external) causes of behavior
are related to features of the surroundings or social context (e.g. threats, money, social norms, peer pressure)
Correspondent inference theory
is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another perosn.
Fundamental attribution error
is the bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others.
Attribute substitution
occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but intead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic (e.g. optical illusions)
Cues
how we understand the behavior of others
Consistency Cues
consistent behavior of person over time
Consensus Cues
extent to which person’s behavior differs from others. The more deviant it is, the more we attribute those cues to a person.
Distinctiveness Cues
Extent to which you behave similarly across scenarios
Correspondent inference theory
When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by disppositional attribution.
self-fulfilling prophecy
stereotypes can lead to expectations of a certain group, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype
stereotype threat
is a concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
prejudice
is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience.
Stereotypes
occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals
Ethnocentrism
refers to the practice o fmaking judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture
in-group
is a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging
out-group
refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify
cultural relativism
refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studed on their own terms (not better/worse, just different)
Discrimination
is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.
Individual discrimination
refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group
Institutional discrimation
refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.
Acquisition
refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.
Observational study
we measure or survey members of a sample without trying to affect them.
