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MCAT > Psych 10 > Flashcards

Psych 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the brain is activated during agression?

A

amygdala

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2
Q

Which part of the brain controls aggressive behavior?

A

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

What hormone causes aggression?

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

Cognitive neoassociation model

A

more likely to show aggression when already feeling negative emotions

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5
Q

Secure attachment

A

requires a consistent caregiver so the child is able to go out and explore, know he or she has a secure base to return to; the child will show strong preference for the caregiver

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6
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child; the child shows no preference for the caregiver compared to strangers

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7
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistnet response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes negelctful; the child will become distressed when caregiver leaves and is ambivalend when he or she returns.

Anxious-ambivalent attachment = when child is anxious about the reliability of the caregiver

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8
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

occurs when a caregiver is erratic or abusve; the child shows no clear pattern or behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence and may show repetitive behaviors e.g. rocking. They may seem dazed, frozen or confused

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9
Q

Esteem support

A

Affirms the qualities and skills of the person

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10
Q

Informational support

A

providing useful information to a person

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11
Q

Network support

A

providing a sense of belonging to a person

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12
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus Controls _____

A

satiety (less hungry)

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13
Q

Ventral Medial Hypothalamus Controls _____

A

hunger (very much hungry)

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14
Q

Polygyny

A

a male with multiple femalse

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15
Q

Mate choice

A

is the selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

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16
Q

Phenotypic benefit of mate choice

A

observable traits that make mate more attractive. Usually invovles increased protection and survival of offspring

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17
Q

Sensory bias

A

develop trait to match preexisiting preference that exhists in population. E.g. crabs search for food on the horizon and look for structures that break the horizon, so male crabs build pillars around territories to attract mates.

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18
Q

fisherian or runway selection

A

positive feedback where trait that doesn’t impact survival is exaggerated over time because trait is sexually desireable

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19
Q

Indicator trait

A

trait that signifies good health and well being (e.g. not necessarily genetic like cleanliness(

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20
Q

Genetic compatibility

A

attraction to others with different characteristics (genetic diversity = less recessive disorders)

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21
Q

Empathy

A

ability to experience emotions of others

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22
Q

Altruisim

A

is a form of helping behavior in which the person’s intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

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23
Q

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior. Individual helps others when feel empathy.

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24
Q

Game theory

A

attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game. Is used in biology to talk about fitness in terms of evolution.

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25
Q

Evolutionary stable stragtegy

A

When ESS is adopted by a given population, in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent other evolutionary strategies from arising.

26
Q

Hawk-dove game

A

competition and equilibrium between reward and cost of fighting

27
Q

4 alternatives to competition

A

Altruism: the donor provides a benefit to the recipient at a cost to himself
Cooperation: both the donor and receipient benefit by cooperating
Spite: both the donor and recipient are negatively impacted
Selfishness: the donor benefits while the recipient is negatively impacted

28
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

is a measure of an organism’s success in the population. This is based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others. Altruistic behavior can improve fitness and success of a species as a whole.

29
Q

Social perception/social cognition

A

is the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment. It contains a perceiver, his or her target and the situation or social context of the scenario. The perceiver is influenced by experiences, motive, and emotional state.

30
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

states that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behavior are related. (stereotyping)

31
Q

The primacy effect

A

refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions. After the categorization of a person is established, the perceiver will selectivly perceive cues that align with the person’s category.

32
Q

The recency effect

A

is when the most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impression

33
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

is the tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perceiver

34
Q

halo effect

A

is when judgementts of individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual.

35
Q

the just-world hpothesis

A

is the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people (leads to victim blaming)

36
Q

Self-serving bias

A

refers to the fact that individuals will view their own successes as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.

37
Q

self-enhancement

A

need to maintain one’s self-worth. Increases self-esteem and self-serving bias.

38
Q

Attribution theory

A

focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

39
Q

Dispositional (internal) cause of behavior

A

are those that relate to the features of the person whose behavior is being considered (e.g. beliefs, attitudes, personality characteristics)

40
Q

Situational (external) causes of behavior

A

are related to features of the surroundings or social context (e.g. threats, money, social norms, peer pressure)

41
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

is used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another perosn.

42
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

is the bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions in regard to the actions of others.

43
Q

Attribute substitution

A

occurs when individuals must make judgments that are complex but intead substitute a simpler solution or heuristic (e.g. optical illusions)

44
Q

Cues

A

how we understand the behavior of others

45
Q

Consistency Cues

A

consistent behavior of person over time

46
Q

Consensus Cues

A

extent to which person’s behavior differs from others. The more deviant it is, the more we attribute those cues to a person.

47
Q

Distinctiveness Cues

A

Extent to which you behave similarly across scenarios

48
Q

Correspondent inference theory

A

When an individual unexpectedly performs a behavior that helps or hurts us, we tend to explain the behavior by disppositional attribution.

49
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotypes can lead to expectations of a certain group, which can create conditions that lead to confirmation of the stereotype

50
Q

stereotype threat

A

is a concern or anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group

51
Q

prejudice

A

is defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience.

52
Q

Stereotypes

A

occur when attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

53
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

refers to the practice o fmaking judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture

54
Q

in-group

A

is a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging

55
Q

out-group

A

refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify

56
Q

cultural relativism

A

refers to the recognition that social groups and cultures should be studed on their own terms (not better/worse, just different)

57
Q

Discrimination

A

is when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others.

58
Q

Individual discrimination

A

refers to one person discriminating against a particular person or group

59
Q

Institutional discrimation

A

refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution.

60
Q

Acquisition

A

refers to the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.

61
Q

Observational study

A

we measure or survey members of a sample without trying to affect them.

MCAT (12 decks)

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