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MCAT > Psych 1 > Flashcards

Psych 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Franz Gall

A

intellect/personality linked to brain anatomy, brain larger at certain locations mean that there is a stronger expression of certain character (phrenology, proven false)

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2
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

extirpation/ablation, remove part of brain, observe difference in behavior at different locations

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3
Q

William James

A

functionalism: how mental processes help adapt to environment

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4
Q

John Dewey

A

functionalism, criticized study of reflex arc in favor of whole organism adaptation

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5
Q

Paul Broca

A

Study brain damage brain lesions at different locations = different impairment

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6
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

measure speed of nerve impulses. Transition psychology ito natural science

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7
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

first to discover synapses. Thought electrical instead of chemical signaling

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

found between other neurons, mostly in brain and spinal cord; linked to reflexive behavior

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9
Q

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) composed of and function

A

Please Ride My Cock

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons and reticular formation

balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal

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10
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of and function

A

I Suck Cock

inferior and superior colliculi

receives sensory and motor information from rest of body
may trigger involuntary visual or auditory reflexes

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11
Q

Forebrain (prosencephalon) composed of and function

A

Two Cocks Thick Long & Hard

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, posterior pituitary, pineal and cerebral cortex

complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes, emotion and memory… intellect

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12
Q

Brainstem composed of

A

hindbrain and midbrain

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13
Q

3 layers of meninges (out > in)

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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14
Q

Limbic system

A

emotion and memory

e.g. fear, pleasure and pain

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15
Q

myelencephalon becomes

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

metencephalon becomes

A

pons & cerebellum

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17
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

breathing, HR, BP

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18
Q

Pons

A

Sensory and motor pathway between the cortex & medulla

located right above medulla

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

maintain posture and balance, coordinate body movement

top of hindbrain, behind pons

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20
Q

Reticular formation

A

maintain arousal and alertness

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21
Q

inferior vs superior colliculus

A

inferior (auditory) vs superior (visual)

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22
Q

diencephalon becomes

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system

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23
Q

telencephalon becomes

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and pineal

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24
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information. Sends sensory information to correct area of the cerebral cortex. All senses except for smell.

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system

4 F’s Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, Fucking

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26
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger. If destroyed, lacks hunger

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27
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Satiety. If destroyed, very much hungry

28
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Sexual behavior. If destroyed, asexual

29
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

connects hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. hypothalamus signals anterior pituitary via paracrine release of hormones.

30
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

smoothens movements and help maintain postural stability.
The extrapyramidal motor system gathers information about your body position and carries this information to the central nervous system.

parkinson’s if damaged

31
Q

Limbic system composed of and function

A

septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus

controls emotion and memory

32
Q

Septal nuclei

A

pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior, and addiction

33
Q

amygdala

A

controls fear and aggression. If damaged, aggression and fear are lowered while sexuality increases

34
Q

hippocampus

A

consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called the fornix. It forms long-term memories and distributes remote memories to the cerebral cortex. It is located within the temporal lobe

35
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

can’t form new memories

36
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

can’t remember past memories

37
Q

Henry Molaison (H.M.)

A

patient with temporal lobe including hippocampus and amygdala removed had irreversible memory loss

38
Q

Divisions of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

39
Q

posterior vs anterior pituitary

A

posterior pituitary releases hormones that the hypothalamus produces while the anterior pituitary releases its own hormones when signaled by the hypothalamus

40
Q

Gyri vs Sulci

A

Gyri (bumps) Sulci (folds)

41
Q

Frontal lobe subdivisions and functions

A

Controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production

Prefrontal cortex - executive function by supervising and directing the operation of other brain regions. impulse control, long-term planning,
damage to the prefrontal cortex would make someone impulsive and less controlled

Primary motor cortex- located on precentral gyrus. Initiates voluntary movement > sends neural impulses down spinal cord to muscle.

Broca’s area - important for speech production. Found on dominant hemisphere: left for most people regardless of handedness

42
Q

association area vs. projection area

A

association area: area that integrates input from diverse brain regions.

projection area: perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks.

43
Q

Parietal lobe subdivisions and functions

A

Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain; spatial processing, orientation; and manipulation.

somatosensory cortex: located on postcentral gyrus. touch, pressure, temperature, pain… closely linked with the motor cortex

Central region: spatial processing and manipulation.

44
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing

45
Q

Temporal lobe subdivisions and functions

A

Controls sound processing, speech perception, memory and emotion

auditory cortex - sound processing

Wernicke’s area - language reception and comprehension

46
Q

contralateral vs ipsilateral

A

contralateral: brain structure controls opposite side (most things e.g. motor, vision)
ipsilateral: control same side (e.g. hearing)

47
Q

Dominant hemisphere vs. Nondominant hemisphere

A

Dominant: analytic. on left side for most people, regardless of handedness E.g. language, logic, math (broca’s and wernicke’s primarily dominant hemisphere)

Non-dominant: intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing e.g. tone of spoken language

48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

used by somatic nervous system (to move muscles), parasympathetic nervous system and central nervous system (for alertness)

49
Q

Dopamine

A

maintains smooth movements and steady posture

found mainly in basal ganglia

50
Q

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

either too much or too sensitive to dopamine causes schizophrenia

51
Q

Endorphins and enkephalins

A

act as natural painkillers. These are neuromodulators/neuropeptides so they are slower and longer lasing

52
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

maintain wakefulness and alertness. Mediate fight or flight (sympathetic) response. Epinephrine acts more hormone while norepinephrine acts more like neurotransmitter

released by adrenal medulla

low levels lead to depression while high levels lead to mania

53
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine, endorphins/enkephalins and epinephrine/norepinephrine

54
Q

gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

A

act as brain stabilizer

55
Q

Glutamate

A

acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

56
Q

Serotonin

A

modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patters, and dreaming. too much leads to mania while too little leads to depression

57
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

master gland because it releases hormones that signal other endocrine glands

58
Q

Cortisol

A

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

59
Q

Testosterone and estrogen

A

mediate libido; testosterone increases aggressive behavior. both are released by the adrenal cortex and gonads.

60
Q

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are part of ____ and located on ___

A

adrenal gland, on top of the kidney

61
Q

notochord

A

stimulate ectoderm to fold over and form neural tube in fetus

62
Q

alar plate turns into

A

sensory neuron

63
Q

basal plate turns into

A

motor neuron

64
Q

Moro reflex

A

when sense falling, infant tenses up, extends arms and slowly retracts them while crying

65
Q

Babinski reflex

A

infant will extend big toe and fan other toes in response to brushing the sole of the foot

66
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes hormone called melatonin which regulates circadian rythm

MCAT (12 decks)

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