Psych 1 Flashcards
Franz Gall
intellect/personality linked to brain anatomy, brain larger at certain locations mean that there is a stronger expression of certain character (phrenology, proven false)
Pierre Flourens
extirpation/ablation, remove part of brain, observe difference in behavior at different locations
William James
functionalism: how mental processes help adapt to environment
John Dewey
functionalism, criticized study of reflex arc in favor of whole organism adaptation
Paul Broca
Study brain damage brain lesions at different locations = different impairment
Hermann von Helmholtz
measure speed of nerve impulses. Transition psychology ito natural science
Sir Charles Sherrington
first to discover synapses. Thought electrical instead of chemical signaling
Interneuron
found between other neurons, mostly in brain and spinal cord; linked to reflexive behavior
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) composed of and function
Please Ride My Cock
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons and reticular formation
balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal
Midbrain (mesencephalon) composed of and function
I Suck Cock
inferior and superior colliculi
receives sensory and motor information from rest of body
may trigger involuntary visual or auditory reflexes
Forebrain (prosencephalon) composed of and function
Two Cocks Thick Long & Hard
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, posterior pituitary, pineal and cerebral cortex
complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes, emotion and memory… intellect
Brainstem composed of
hindbrain and midbrain
3 layers of meninges (out > in)
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Limbic system
emotion and memory
e.g. fear, pleasure and pain
myelencephalon becomes
medulla oblongata
metencephalon becomes
pons & cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
breathing, HR, BP
Pons
Sensory and motor pathway between the cortex & medulla
located right above medulla
Cerebellum
maintain posture and balance, coordinate body movement
top of hindbrain, behind pons
Reticular formation
maintain arousal and alertness
inferior vs superior colliculus
inferior (auditory) vs superior (visual)
diencephalon becomes
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system
telencephalon becomes
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary and pineal
thalamus
relay station for sensory information. Sends sensory information to correct area of the cerebral cortex. All senses except for smell.
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system
4 F’s Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, Fucking
Lateral hypothalamus
Hunger. If destroyed, lacks hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Satiety. If destroyed, very much hungry
Anterior hypothalamus
Sexual behavior. If destroyed, asexual
Hypophyseal portal system
connects hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. hypothalamus signals anterior pituitary via paracrine release of hormones.
Basal Ganglia
smoothens movements and help maintain postural stability.
The extrapyramidal motor system gathers information about your body position and carries this information to the central nervous system.
parkinson’s if damaged
Limbic system composed of and function
septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus
controls emotion and memory
Septal nuclei
pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior, and addiction
amygdala
controls fear and aggression. If damaged, aggression and fear are lowered while sexuality increases
hippocampus
consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called the fornix. It forms long-term memories and distributes remote memories to the cerebral cortex. It is located within the temporal lobe
Anterograde amnesia
can’t form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
can’t remember past memories
Henry Molaison (H.M.)
patient with temporal lobe including hippocampus and amygdala removed had irreversible memory loss
Divisions of the cerebral cortex
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
posterior vs anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary releases hormones that the hypothalamus produces while the anterior pituitary releases its own hormones when signaled by the hypothalamus
Gyri vs Sulci
Gyri (bumps) Sulci (folds)
Frontal lobe subdivisions and functions
Controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function, and speech production
Prefrontal cortex - executive function by supervising and directing the operation of other brain regions. impulse control, long-term planning,
damage to the prefrontal cortex would make someone impulsive and less controlled
Primary motor cortex- located on precentral gyrus. Initiates voluntary movement > sends neural impulses down spinal cord to muscle.
Broca’s area - important for speech production. Found on dominant hemisphere: left for most people regardless of handedness
association area vs. projection area
association area: area that integrates input from diverse brain regions.
projection area: perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks.
Parietal lobe subdivisions and functions
Controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain; spatial processing, orientation; and manipulation.
somatosensory cortex: located on postcentral gyrus. touch, pressure, temperature, pain… closely linked with the motor cortex
Central region: spatial processing and manipulation.
Occipital lobe
visual processing
Temporal lobe subdivisions and functions
Controls sound processing, speech perception, memory and emotion
auditory cortex - sound processing
Wernicke’s area - language reception and comprehension
contralateral vs ipsilateral
contralateral: brain structure controls opposite side (most things e.g. motor, vision)
ipsilateral: control same side (e.g. hearing)
Dominant hemisphere vs. Nondominant hemisphere
Dominant: analytic. on left side for most people, regardless of handedness E.g. language, logic, math (broca’s and wernicke’s primarily dominant hemisphere)
Non-dominant: intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing e.g. tone of spoken language
Acetylcholine
used by somatic nervous system (to move muscles), parasympathetic nervous system and central nervous system (for alertness)
Dopamine
maintains smooth movements and steady posture
found mainly in basal ganglia
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
either too much or too sensitive to dopamine causes schizophrenia
Endorphins and enkephalins
act as natural painkillers. These are neuromodulators/neuropeptides so they are slower and longer lasing
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
maintain wakefulness and alertness. Mediate fight or flight (sympathetic) response. Epinephrine acts more hormone while norepinephrine acts more like neurotransmitter
released by adrenal medulla
low levels lead to depression while high levels lead to mania
Catecholamines
Dopamine, endorphins/enkephalins and epinephrine/norepinephrine
gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
act as brain stabilizer
Glutamate
acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
Serotonin
modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patters, and dreaming. too much leads to mania while too little leads to depression
Anterior pituitary
master gland because it releases hormones that signal other endocrine glands
Cortisol
stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex
Testosterone and estrogen
mediate libido; testosterone increases aggressive behavior. both are released by the adrenal cortex and gonads.
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla are part of ____ and located on ___
adrenal gland, on top of the kidney
notochord
stimulate ectoderm to fold over and form neural tube in fetus
alar plate turns into
sensory neuron
basal plate turns into
motor neuron
Moro reflex
when sense falling, infant tenses up, extends arms and slowly retracts them while crying
Babinski reflex
infant will extend big toe and fan other toes in response to brushing the sole of the foot
pineal gland
secretes hormone called melatonin which regulates circadian rythm
