Psych 3 Flashcards
Where does fertilization occur
The ampulla (widest part of fallopian tube)
The sperm utilizes _____ to penetrate _______ and ______ in the oocyte
acrosomal enzymes, zona pellicuda, corona radiata
Ivan Pavlov
did classical condition experiments on dogs
Classical conditioning
an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.
B.F. Skinner
Established behavioralism: all behaviors are conditioned. Important figure of operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning
behavior is changed through the use of consequences
Reinforcement and types
increases likelihood of behavior
Positive: positive stimulus added
Negative: negative stimulus taken away
Punishment and types
decreases likelihood of behavior
Positive: negative stimulus added
Negative: positive stimulus taken away
Observational learning
acquisition of behavior by watching others
Which schedule of conditioning is the most effective
variable ratio
types of operant conditioning schedules
Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval - ratio is more efficient than interval
Shaping
rewarding increasingly specific behvaior
Generalization
broadening effect, stimulus similar enough enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce the same conditioned response
Discrimination
learn to distinguish between two similar stimuli
Mirror neurons
in the frontal and parietal lobes, utilized heavily for observational learning.
Escape learning
reduce unpleasantness of something that already exhists
Avoidance learning
Prevent unpleasantness of something about to happen
Latent learning
learning without reward, spontaneously deomnstrated once reward present
Problem-solving
avoid trail and error learning and take a step back to analyze a situation
Preparedness
different animals have different predisposition to learn different behaviors based on instinct
Self-reference effect
we learn information the best when we put it in context of our own lives
Method of loci
associated with location
Peg-word
ryhme with or resemble an already known sequence (e.g. numbers)
Chunking/clustering
grouping together with related meaning
____ memory is stronger than acoustic and visual encoding
semantic
Sensory memory, short term memory and working memory are primarily a function of which part of the brain?
Hippocampus
Long term memory is controlled by the _____ but moved to the _____ once fully established (e.g. BD and name)
Hippocampus, cerrebral cortex
Explicit (declarative) memory
facts and stories.
split into semantic (facts) and episodic (experiences)
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
stores skills and conditioning effects
Hermann Ebbinghaus
relearning is much quicker, signifying that info stored even if not available for recall. Longer time between learning = greater retention (spacing effect)
Context effect
facts learned under certain conditions/locations better recalled under the same circumstances
State dependent memory
there will be better recall if you are in the same mental state as when you learned something (e.g. drunk)
primacy and recency effect
early items learned in the list and late items learned both have higher recall immediately after. After waiting a while, primacy effect is stronger due to rehearsal.
synaptic pruning
as we grow older, weak connections are broken while stronger ones are bolstered
priming
recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory
proactive interferance
old information interferes with the new
retroactive interferance
new information interferes with the old
Alzheimer’s
decrease in acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus. Marked by dementia and memory loss. Neurofibril tangles and B-amyloid plaques associated with alzheimers
Korsakoff’s syndrom
thiamin defficiency. Retrograde amnesia (can’t remember past memories) and anterograde amnesia (can’t form new memories). confabulation (we create fake memories)
Ebbinghau’s curve
we naturally lose memories. the largest drop-off is a few days after we learn them.
Source monitoring error
confusing semantic and episodic memory
Long-term potentiation
neurobiological foundation of conversion of short-term to long-term memory. It is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites.
