Psych 3

Question 1

Where does fertilization occur

Answer 1

The ampulla (widest part of fallopian tube)

Question 2

The sperm utilizes _____ to penetrate _______ and ______ in the oocyte

Answer 2

acrosomal enzymes, zona pellicuda, corona radiata

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 3

did classical condition experiments on dogs

Question 4

Classical conditioning

Answer 4

an unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.

Question 5

B.F. Skinner

Answer 5

Established behavioralism: all behaviors are conditioned. Important figure of operant conditioning.

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

behavior is changed through the use of consequences

Question 7

Reinforcement and types

Answer 7

increases likelihood of behavior

Positive: positive stimulus added

Negative: negative stimulus taken away

Question 8

Punishment and types

Answer 8

decreases likelihood of behavior

Positive: negative stimulus added

Negative: positive stimulus taken away

Question 9

Observational learning

Answer 9

acquisition of behavior by watching others

Question 10

Which schedule of conditioning is the most effective

Answer 10

variable ratio

Question 11

types of operant conditioning schedules

Answer 11

Fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, variable interval - ratio is more efficient than interval

Question 12

Shaping

Answer 12

rewarding increasingly specific behvaior

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

broadening effect, stimulus similar enough enough to the conditioned stimulus can produce the same conditioned response

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

learn to distinguish between two similar stimuli

Question 15

Mirror neurons

Answer 15

in the frontal and parietal lobes, utilized heavily for observational learning.

Question 16

Escape learning

Answer 16

reduce unpleasantness of something that already exhists

Question 17

Avoidance learning

Answer 17

Prevent unpleasantness of something about to happen

Question 18

Latent learning

Answer 18

learning without reward, spontaneously deomnstrated once reward present

Question 19

Problem-solving

Answer 19

avoid trail and error learning and take a step back to analyze a situation

Question 20

Preparedness

Answer 20

different animals have different predisposition to learn different behaviors based on instinct

Question 21

Self-reference effect

Answer 21

we learn information the best when we put it in context of our own lives

Question 22

Method of loci

Answer 22

associated with location

Question 23

Peg-word

Answer 23

ryhme with or resemble an already known sequence (e.g. numbers)

Question 24

Chunking/clustering

Answer 24

grouping together with related meaning

Question 25

____ memory is stronger than acoustic and visual encoding

Answer 25

semantic

Question 26

Sensory memory, short term memory and working memory are primarily a function of which part of the brain?

Answer 26

Hippocampus

Question 27

Long term memory is controlled by the _____ but moved to the _____ once fully established (e.g. BD and name)

Answer 27

Hippocampus, cerrebral cortex

Question 28

Explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 28

facts and stories.

split into semantic (facts) and episodic (experiences)

Question 29

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 29

stores skills and conditioning effects

Question 30

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 30

relearning is much quicker, signifying that info stored even if not available for recall. Longer time between learning = greater retention (spacing effect)

Question 31

Context effect

Answer 31

facts learned under certain conditions/locations better recalled under the same circumstances

Question 32

State dependent memory

Answer 32

there will be better recall if you are in the same mental state as when you learned something (e.g. drunk)

Question 33

primacy and recency effect

Answer 33

early items learned in the list and late items learned both have higher recall immediately after. After waiting a while, primacy effect is stronger due to rehearsal.

Question 34

synaptic pruning

Answer 34

as we grow older, weak connections are broken while stronger ones are bolstered

Question 35

priming

Answer 35

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

Question 36

proactive interferance

Answer 36

old information interferes with the new

Question 37

retroactive interferance

Answer 37

new information interferes with the old

Question 38

Alzheimer’s

Answer 38

decrease in acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus. Marked by dementia and memory loss. Neurofibril tangles and B-amyloid plaques associated with alzheimers

Question 39

Korsakoff’s syndrom

Answer 39

thiamin defficiency. Retrograde amnesia (can’t remember past memories) and anterograde amnesia (can’t form new memories). confabulation (we create fake memories)

Question 40

Ebbinghau’s curve

Answer 40

we naturally lose memories. the largest drop-off is a few days after we learn them.

Question 41

Source monitoring error

Answer 41

confusing semantic and episodic memory

Question 42

Long-term potentiation

Answer 42

neurobiological foundation of conversion of short-term to long-term memory. It is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites.