Psych 6

Question 1

Self Schema

Answer 1

Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualitites

Question 2

Gender Identity

Answer 2

Self-appraisal of maculinity and feminity

Masc and Fem is not one continuum but separate scales

Question 3

Self-concept

Answer 3

The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future and our self-schema.

We have one all-encompassing self-concept but multiple identities

Question 4

Identities

Answer 4

are individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong. Religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethnic and national affiliations are examples of identities. Don’t need to be compatible; may change under different circumstances.

Question 5

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 5

We have 3 selves that compete with each other. Actual, ideal (who we want to be) and ought (who others want us to be)

Question 6

Self-esteem

Answer 6

describes our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self, the higher our self-esteem will be.

Question 7

Self-efficacy

Answer 7

is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation.

Question 8

Learned helplessness

Answer 8

When placed in a consistently hopeless scenario, self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helpless ness results.

Question 9

Locus of control

Answer 9

is a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions, while those with an external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives. Happiest people have internal locus of control.

Question 10

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development

Answer 10

States that drive to minimize libido drive physchological development. Failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders that leads to mental disorders (neurosis). Freud’s phases:

oral > anal > phallic [oedipal] > latent > genital

Question 11

Oral Stage

Answer 11

(0-1 years) Oral fixation leads to increased dependency.

Question 12

Anal Stage

Answer 12

(1-3 years) Anal fixation leads to excessive anal orderlines (anal retention) or slopiness in adults

Question 13

Phallic (Oedipal/Electra Stage)

Answer 13

(3-5 years) Oedipal conflict in males and Electra conflict for females.

Male child envies father’s relationship with mother and fears castration by father. The child wants to eliminate the father to possess the mother. The child will feel bad about this, so he ends up identifying with the father and olidifying sexual identity (internalizing morals). The child subliminates the libidinal energy by focusing on schoolwork or collecting objects.

Female child has penis envy. Less female behaviorand less morally developed than boys at this stage.

Question 14

Latency

Answer 14

(5-puberty) Libido is subliminated until puberty is reached

Question 15

Genital Stage

Answer 15

(puberty-adulthood) If prior stages correct, healthy heterosexual relationships will form. If fixation at an earlier stage, homosexuality, asexuality and fetishes will occur.

Question 16

Hierarchy of Salience

Answer 16

We let situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at a given moment.

Question 17

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 17

Development stem from conflicts that occur throughout life (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair). these conflicts are the result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phse of our lives. You can move onto another stage even if the previous stage is unresolved.

Question 18

Trust vs. mistrust

Answer 18

(0-1 years) Can I trust the world and myself?

Question 19

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 19

(1-3 years) Is it ok to be me?

Question 20

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 20

(3-6 years) Is it ok to do, move and act?

Question 21

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 21

(6-12 years) Can I make it in the world of people and things?

Question 22

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer 22

(12-20 years) Who am I? What can I be?

Question 23

Intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 23

(20-40 years) Can I love?

Question 24

Generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 24

(40-65 years) Can I make my life count?

Question 25

Integrity vs. despair

Answer 25

(>65 years) Is it ok to have been me?

Question 26

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 26

Three stages: preconventional, conventional and postconventional mortality. Common example is decision of whether or not you would steal life-saving drugs

Question 27

Preconventional Mortality

Answer 27

Preadolescence: think about the consequences
Stage 1) obedience (don’t want to go to jail)
Stage 2) self-interest and gaining rewards (I need to save my wife basue want to spend more time with her)
Note: Stage 2 is also known as the instrumental relativist stage because it is based on the concept of reciprocity (I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine)

Question 28

Conventional Mortality

Answer 28

Adolescence: see themselves in relation to others
Stage 3) conformity (stealing is wrong)
Stage 4) law and order ( if everyone stole…)

Question 29

Postconventional Mortality

Answer 29

Not everyone reaches this stage
Stage 5) social contract (individual rights)
Stage 6) Univeral human ethics (it is wrong)

Question 30

Vygotsky theory of development

Answer 30

Vygotsky’s theory that cognitive development is driven by a child’s internalization of culture (e.g. rules, symbols and language). He proposed the idea of zone of proximal development.

Question 31

Zone of proximal development

Answer 31

Skills that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Requires a more knowledgeable other (e.g. adult) to guide.

Question 32

Theory of mind

Answer 32

Ability to sense how other people’s minds work. Commonly developed through imiation and role-taking in children

Question 33

Looking Glass Self

Answer 33

Others reflecting ourselves back to ourselves. (society influences how we perceive ourselves). This can modify the way that we behave.

Question 34

Reference group

Answer 34

group to which we compare ourselves

Question 35

psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 35

views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires

Question 36

personality

Answer 36

set of thoughts, feelings, traigts and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and locations

Question 37

Freud’s topographic model of the mind

Answer 37

based on id (base urges of survival and reproduction), superego (the idealist and perfectionist), and ego (the mediator between the two and the conscious mind)

Question 38

Id (Freud)

Answer 38

The id functions according to the pleasure principle, in which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. The primary process is the id’s response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later. Wish fullfilment is anything that satisfies this need, e.g. daydreaming, which can’t permanently fulfill Id.

Question 39

Ego (Freud)

Answer 39

Reality principle takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id. The aim of this secondary process is to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained. (pretty much makes sure that we are not too impulsive)

Also moderates the desires of the superego.