Psych 6 Flashcards
Self Schema
Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualitites
Gender Identity
Self-appraisal of maculinity and feminity
Masc and Fem is not one continuum but separate scales
Self-concept
The sum of ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future and our self-schema.
We have one all-encompassing self-concept but multiple identities
Identities
are individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong. Religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethnic and national affiliations are examples of identities. Don’t need to be compatible; may change under different circumstances.
Self-discrepancy theory
We have 3 selves that compete with each other. Actual, ideal (who we want to be) and ought (who others want us to be)
Self-esteem
describes our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self, the higher our self-esteem will be.
Self-efficacy
is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation.
Learned helplessness
When placed in a consistently hopeless scenario, self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helpless ness results.
Locus of control
is a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. Internal see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions, while those with an external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives. Happiest people have internal locus of control.
Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development
States that drive to minimize libido drive physchological development. Failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders that leads to mental disorders (neurosis). Freud’s phases:
oral > anal > phallic [oedipal] > latent > genital
Oral Stage
(0-1 years) Oral fixation leads to increased dependency.
Anal Stage
(1-3 years) Anal fixation leads to excessive anal orderlines (anal retention) or slopiness in adults
Phallic (Oedipal/Electra Stage)
(3-5 years) Oedipal conflict in males and Electra conflict for females.
Male child envies father’s relationship with mother and fears castration by father. The child wants to eliminate the father to possess the mother. The child will feel bad about this, so he ends up identifying with the father and olidifying sexual identity (internalizing morals). The child subliminates the libidinal energy by focusing on schoolwork or collecting objects.
Female child has penis envy. Less female behaviorand less morally developed than boys at this stage.
Latency
(5-puberty) Libido is subliminated until puberty is reached
Genital Stage
(puberty-adulthood) If prior stages correct, healthy heterosexual relationships will form. If fixation at an earlier stage, homosexuality, asexuality and fetishes will occur.
Hierarchy of Salience
We let situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at a given moment.
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Development stem from conflicts that occur throughout life (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair). these conflicts are the result of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each phse of our lives. You can move onto another stage even if the previous stage is unresolved.
Trust vs. mistrust
(0-1 years) Can I trust the world and myself?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
(1-3 years) Is it ok to be me?
Initiative vs. guilt
(3-6 years) Is it ok to do, move and act?
Industry vs. inferiority
(6-12 years) Can I make it in the world of people and things?
Identity vs. role confusion
(12-20 years) Who am I? What can I be?
Intimacy vs. isolation
(20-40 years) Can I love?
Generativity vs. stagnation
(40-65 years) Can I make my life count?
Integrity vs. despair
(>65 years) Is it ok to have been me?
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Three stages: preconventional, conventional and postconventional mortality. Common example is decision of whether or not you would steal life-saving drugs
Preconventional Mortality
Preadolescence: think about the consequences
Stage 1) obedience (don’t want to go to jail)
Stage 2) self-interest and gaining rewards (I need to save my wife basue want to spend more time with her)
Note: Stage 2 is also known as the instrumental relativist stage because it is based on the concept of reciprocity (I’ll scratch your back, you scratch mine)
Conventional Mortality
Adolescence: see themselves in relation to others
Stage 3) conformity (stealing is wrong)
Stage 4) law and order ( if everyone stole…)
Postconventional Mortality
Not everyone reaches this stage
Stage 5) social contract (individual rights)
Stage 6) Univeral human ethics (it is wrong)
Vygotsky theory of development
Vygotsky’s theory that cognitive development is driven by a child’s internalization of culture (e.g. rules, symbols and language). He proposed the idea of zone of proximal development.
Zone of proximal development
Skills that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Requires a more knowledgeable other (e.g. adult) to guide.
Theory of mind
Ability to sense how other people’s minds work. Commonly developed through imiation and role-taking in children
Looking Glass Self
Others reflecting ourselves back to ourselves. (society influences how we perceive ourselves). This can modify the way that we behave.
Reference group
group to which we compare ourselves
psychoanalytic perspective
views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires
personality
set of thoughts, feelings, traigts and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and locations
Freud’s topographic model of the mind
based on id (base urges of survival and reproduction), superego (the idealist and perfectionist), and ego (the mediator between the two and the conscious mind)
Id (Freud)
The id functions according to the pleasure principle, in which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent up tension. The primary process is the id’s response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later. Wish fullfilment is anything that satisfies this need, e.g. daydreaming, which can’t permanently fulfill Id.
Ego (Freud)
Reality principle takes into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id. The aim of this secondary process is to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained. (pretty much makes sure that we are not too impulsive)
Also moderates the desires of the superego.
