Psych 2

Question 1

Sensory pathway

Answer 1

Sensory receptor > sensory ganglia > projection areas

Question 2

absolute threshold

Answer 2

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

Question 3

threshold of conscious perception

Answer 3

the minimum of stimulus energy that will greate a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

Question 4

subliminal perception

Answer 4

below concious perception. It arrives at the central nervous system but doesn’t enter consciousness

Question 5

Webber’s law

Answer 5

just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

Question 6

Signal detection theory

Answer 6

effects of nonsensory factors on our perception of stimuli

Question 7

Catch trial

Answer 7

when signal is present

Question 8

Noise trial

Answer 8

when signal is not present

Question 9

Sclera

Answer 9

The white. Most of eye, protective coating

Question 10

Retina

Answer 10

Inner most layer of eye. Contains photoreceptors that transduce to brain. Outgrowth of brain tissue.

Question 11

Chloroid

Answer 11

In between retina and sclera. Support structure of eye

Question 12

Vitreous

Answer 12

transparent gell inside the eye that supports the retina.

Question 13

Cornea

Answer 13

gathers and filters incoming light

Question 14

Iris

Answer 14

divides the front of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers. Contains two muscles, dilator and constrictor pupilae, which opens and closes the pupil.

Question 15

Lens

Answer 15

refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina.

Question 16

Suspensory ligaments

Answer 16

holds the lense in place. connected to ciliary muscles, which change the shape of the lense

Question 17

Ciliary body produces _____ wich drains through the _____

Answer 17

aqueous humor, canal of schlemm

Question 18

Rods

Answer 18

detect light and dark

Question 19

Cones

Answer 19

detect color. come in three forms to detect different wavelengths of color. Short = blue, Medium = green, Long = red

Question 20

rods and cones synaps onto ____ which synaps onto _____

Answer 20

bipolar cells which synaps onto ganglia

Question 21

Horizontal and amacrine cells

Answer 21

integrate and sharpen the signals passed from bipolar cells to ganglia

Question 22

Visual pathway from eye to brain

Answer 22

optic nerves > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus > sivual radiations > visual cotex

Question 23

Optic chiasm

Answer 23

where nasal side of the nerve fibers cross over

Question 24

Parallel processing

Answer 24

the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape and motion

Question 25

Parvocellular cells

Answer 25

detect fine details but can't detect with movement

Question 26

Magnocellular cells

Answer 26

can't detect fine details but can detect fast moving image.

Question 27

Outer ear structures and functions

Answer 27

``` Pinna (auricle): channels sound waves External auditory canal: dirrects sound waves Tympanic membrane (eardrum): vibrates in phase with soundwaves ```

Question 28

Middle ear structures and functions

Answer 28

Consists of the ossicles, which amplify vibrations from the tympanic membrane. ossicles: malleus(hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrups) stapes rest in the oval window of the cochlea

Question 29

Eustachian tube

Answer 29

connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity. equalizes presure with environment.

Question 30

Perilymph

Answer 30

fills the bony labyrinth and cushions inner ear

Question 31

Endolymph

Answer 31

fills the membraneous labyrinth insid the bony labyrinth

Question 32

Inner ear structures and functions

Answer 32

membraneous labyrithwithin bony labyrinth. Membraneous labyrinth contains: cochlea: detects sound utricle and saccule: detect linear accceleration via hair cells covered with otoliths that resist motion semicircular canals: detect rotational acceleration. The canals have swelling at the end called ampulla, where hair cells are located.

Question 33

Cochlea sound detection pathway

Answer 33

vibration of oval window > vibrate perylimph > stimulate the basilar membrane > hairs on organ of Corti conver the physcial stimulus into electrical > auditory (vestibulochlear nerve) > medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus > auditory cortex in temporal lobe

Question 34

Organ of corti rests on

Answer 34

basilar membrane

Question 35

olfactory pathway

Answer 35

odor molecules inhaled > contact olfactory nerve > send singals to olfactory bulb > via olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain like limbic system

Question 36

Somatosensation

Answer 36

pressure, vibration, pain and temperature

Question 37

two point threshold

Answer 37

minimum distance necessary between two points that it will be felt as two distinct stimuli

Question 38

physiological zero

Answer 38

normal temperature of the skin where an object is neither warm nor cold

Question 39

nociceptors

Answer 39

pain receptors

Question 40

gate theory of pain

Answer 40

pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present

Question 41

Kinesthetic sense (proprioception)

Answer 41

avility to tell where one's body is in three-dimensional space

Question 42

Gestalt principles

Answer 42

are ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

Question 43

Law of Pragnanz

Answer 43

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible (compilation of gestalts principle)

Question 44

Law of Proximity

Answer 44

says that elemets close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

Question 45

Law of Similarity

Answer 45

says that obejcts that are similar appear to be grouped together

Question 46

Law of good continuation

Answer 46

elemetns that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together

Question 47

Subjective contours

Answer 47

refers to the perception of nonexistent edges in figures based on surrouding visual cues

Question 48

Law of closure

Answer 48

says that when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or close line