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MCAT > Psych 2 > Flashcards

Psych 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Sensory receptor > sensory ganglia > projection areas

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2
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system

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3
Q

threshold of conscious perception

A

the minimum of stimulus energy that will greate a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness

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4
Q

subliminal perception

A

below concious perception. It arrives at the central nervous system but doesn’t enter consciousness

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5
Q

Webber’s law

A

just noticeable difference for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus and this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli

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6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

effects of nonsensory factors on our perception of stimuli

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7
Q

Catch trial

A

when signal is present

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8
Q

Noise trial

A

when signal is not present

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9
Q

Sclera

A

The white. Most of eye, protective coating

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10
Q

Retina

A

Inner most layer of eye. Contains photoreceptors that transduce to brain. Outgrowth of brain tissue.

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11
Q

Chloroid

A

In between retina and sclera. Support structure of eye

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12
Q

Vitreous

A

transparent gell inside the eye that supports the retina.

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13
Q

Cornea

A

gathers and filters incoming light

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14
Q

Iris

A

divides the front of the eye into anterior and posterior chambers. Contains two muscles, dilator and constrictor pupilae, which opens and closes the pupil.

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15
Q

Lens

A

refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina.

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16
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

holds the lense in place. connected to ciliary muscles, which change the shape of the lense

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17
Q

Ciliary body produces _____ wich drains through the _____

A

aqueous humor, canal of schlemm

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18
Q

Rods

A

detect light and dark

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19
Q

Cones

A

detect color. come in three forms to detect different wavelengths of color. Short = blue, Medium = green, Long = red

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20
Q

rods and cones synaps onto ____ which synaps onto _____

A

bipolar cells which synaps onto ganglia

21
Q

Horizontal and amacrine cells

A

integrate and sharpen the signals passed from bipolar cells to ganglia

22
Q

Visual pathway from eye to brain

A

optic nerves > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus > sivual radiations > visual cotex

23
Q

Optic chiasm

A

where nasal side of the nerve fibers cross over

24
Q

Parallel processing

A

the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape and motion

25
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

detect fine details but can’t detect with movement

26
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

can’t detect fine details but can detect fast moving image.

27
Q

Outer ear structures and functions

A 
Pinna (auricle): channels sound waves
External auditory canal: dirrects sound waves
Tympanic membrane (eardrum): vibrates in phase with soundwaves
28
Q

Middle ear structures and functions

A

Consists of the ossicles, which amplify vibrations from the tympanic membrane.

ossicles: malleus(hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrups)

stapes rest in the oval window of the cochlea

29
Q

Eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity. equalizes presure with environment.

30
Q

Perilymph

A

fills the bony labyrinth and cushions inner ear

31
Q

Endolymph

A

fills the membraneous labyrinth insid the bony labyrinth

32
Q

Inner ear structures and functions

A

membraneous labyrithwithin bony labyrinth. Membraneous labyrinth contains:

cochlea: detects sound

utricle and saccule: detect linear accceleration via hair cells covered with otoliths that resist motion

semicircular canals: detect rotational acceleration. The canals have swelling at the end called ampulla, where hair cells are located.

33
Q

Cochlea sound detection pathway

A

vibration of oval window > vibrate perylimph > stimulate the basilar membrane > hairs on organ of Corti conver the physcial stimulus into electrical > auditory (vestibulochlear nerve) > medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus > auditory cortex in temporal lobe

34
Q

Organ of corti rests on

A

basilar membrane

35
Q

olfactory pathway

A

odor molecules inhaled > contact olfactory nerve > send singals to olfactory bulb > via olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain like limbic system

36
Q

Somatosensation

A

pressure, vibration, pain and temperature

37
Q

two point threshold

A

minimum distance necessary between two points that it will be felt as two distinct stimuli

38
Q

physiological zero

A

normal temperature of the skin where an object is neither warm nor cold

39
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

40
Q

gate theory of pain

A

pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present

41
Q

Kinesthetic sense (proprioception)

A

avility to tell where one’s body is in three-dimensional space

42
Q

Gestalt principles

A

are ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

43
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible (compilation of gestalts principle)

44
Q

Law of Proximity

A

says that elemets close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

45
Q

Law of Similarity

A

says that obejcts that are similar appear to be grouped together

46
Q

Law of good continuation

A

elemetns that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together

47
Q

Subjective contours

A

refers to the perception of nonexistent edges in figures based on surrouding visual cues

48
Q

Law of closure

A

says that when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or close line

MCAT (12 decks)

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