PSYCH 3723 WEEK 3 Flashcards
Attitude-behavior measurement correspondence
andwho is it by
Attitude-behavior measurement correspondence checking if attitudes matches behaviors
Ajzen & Fishbein (1977)
Attitudes predict behaviour IF
Target element is the same
Context element is the same
Time element is the same/close
Attitude extremity
Attitude extremity measures how far an attitude is from being neutral.
If an attitude is neutral, meaning it’s neither positive nor negative, then the concept of attitude extremity doesn’t apply because there’s no distance from neutrality to measure.
Congeniality effect
we remember stuff better when it agrees with what we think, compared to things that don’t match our thoughts.
If someone has a positive attitude towards environmental conservation, the congeniality effect suggests that they may be more likely to remember and recall information about eco-friendly practices and their benefits. On the other hand, they might not remember as well information that contradicts their positive attitude, such as arguments against certain environmental policies. The congeniality effect highlights the influence of our attitudes on the way we process and remember information
Defensive self-esteem
Defensive self-esteem refers to the tendency of maintaining a high self-reported sense of self-worth even when there might be underlying, nonconscious feelings of low self-esteem.
Imagine someone keeps saying they’re the best at sports, but inside, they actually feel unsure about their abilities. That’s defensive self-esteem.
Deliberative behavior
Actions that are relatively thoughtful and carefully considered, indicating a conscious and intentional decision-making process.
Evaluative-affective consistency
Evaluative-affective consistency means how much someone’s feelings match their attitude about something.
If someone expresses a positive attitude toward a new policy and genuinely feels happy and supportive when discussing it, there is high evaluative-affective consistency. On the other hand, if a person claims to have a positive attitude but seems unhappy or frustrated when talking about it, there may be a lack of evaluative-affective consistency.
(emotions / feelings)
Affective: How you feel or your emotions.
Evaluative-behavioral consistency
the measure of how well an individual’s attitude aligns with their past behaviors related to a particular topic.
Let’s say someone strongly believes in environmental conservation (attitude) and regularly participates in beach clean-up events and recycling programs (behavior). Their attitude about protecting the environment matches their actions, showing evaluative-behavioral consistency.
(acting on it)
Behavioral: What you do or your actions.
Evaluative-cognitive consistency
how well someone’s attitudes match up with what they think or believe about something.
For example, if someone believes strongly in the importance of education (cognitive), their attitude towards studying and learning should reflect that belief (evaluative).
Cognitive: What you think or believe.
Impulsive system
in the Reflective-Impulsive Model, is the part of our thinking that guides behavior through automatic and quick associations.
Need for cognition
This is about how much someone likes to think deeply or enjoy mentally challenging activities.
Let’s say there are two friends, Alex and Ben. Alex loves solving puzzles, reading challenging books, and discussing complex ideas. Alex has a high need for cognition because they enjoy mentally stimulating activities. On the other hand, Ben prefers watching TV shows and playing video games rather than engaging in deep thinking or challenging tasks. Ben has a low need for cognition because he prefers less mentally demanding activities.
Private self-consciousness
This is about how aware someone is of their own thoughts, feelings, and inner experiences.
Sarah often reflects on her emotions and thoughts, wondering why she feels a certain way or what her inner voice is saying. She spends time journaling and analyzing her dreams. Sarah has a high level of private self-consciousness because she pays a lot of attention to her internal world.
Public self-consciousness
This is about how aware someone is of their public image or how they come across to others in social situations.
Emily is always worried about how she looks and acts in front of others. She constantly checks her appearance in the mirror and feels anxious about what people might think of her. Emily has a high level of public self-consciousness because she’s very aware of how she appears to others.
Reflective system
In the Reflective-Impulsive Model, the reflective system is the part of our thinking that guides behavior by carefully considering available information.
Imagine you have to decide whether to buy a new phone. You weigh the features, prices, and reviews before making a decision. Your reflective system is at work as you consciously analyze and consider all the information to make the best choice.
Reflective-Impulsive Model
This model suggests that our behavior is influenced by two systems: the reflective system and the impulsive system.
Reverse correlation data reduction
This technique in facial perception studies creates a mental image of how people perceive faces. Participants are shown digitally scrambled images of faces and asked to choose the one that best matches their mental image.
In a study using reverse correlation data reduction, participants might be shown a series of scrambled images of faces and asked to select the one that they think most closely resembles their mental image of a “happy” face. By analyzing the choices made by participants, researchers can understand how people perceive and represent facial expressions of emotions like happiness.
Selective attention
This is the tendency to pay more attention to information that agrees or disagrees with our attitudes, with different levels of importance.
Let’s say someone strongly believes in the importance of environmental conservation. When they read news articles, they may pay extra attention to stories about pollution or climate change because it aligns with their attitude. Conversely, they might ignore or downplay articles that suggest environmental issues are not urgent. This shows how selective attention works based on their attitudes towards environmental conservation.
Selective exposure
This is when people actively look for and expose themselves to information that supports or conflicts with their attitudes.
EXAMPLE: someone strongly believes in a particular political ideology. They may choose to watch news channels or read articles that align with their political views while avoiding those that present opposing perspectives. This demonstrates selective exposure because they seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and avoid information that challenges them.
Selective interpretation:
This refers to the inclination to interpret information in a way that aligns with our attitudes, often leading to biased judgments about its meaning and significance.
EXAMPLE: Imagine two people with opposing views on a controversial topic, such as gun control. When presented with statistics about gun violence, one person might interpret the data in a way that supports their belief in stricter gun laws, emphasizing the negative impact of firearms. On the other hand, the other person might interpret the same data to highlight the importance of gun ownership for self-defense, downplaying the negative aspects
Selective memory
Our attitudes affect what we remember. We tend to remember things that fit with what we already believe and forget things that don’t match our attitudes.
Self-monitoring
and who is it by
How much a person pays attention to and adjusts their behavior to fit different situations.
Snyder and Gangestad
Let’s say you’re attending a formal event. If you’re high in self-monitoring, you might carefully observe how others are behaving and adjust your own behavior to fit in with the formal atmosphere.
Spontaneous behavior
Actions that are relatively automatic
