psych 201 ch 8 &9

Question 1

the distinction between experimental research and nonexperimental research is based on the degree of ______ that the researcher has over he subjects and the conditions of the research

Answer 1

control

Question 2

an ________ is a kind of investigation in which some variable is manipulated

Answer 2

experiment

Question 3

_________ in an experiment refers to conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant

Answer 3

manipulation

Question 4

________ in an experiment refers to pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan

Answer 4

assignment

Question 5

_________ refers to the record of a behavior

Answer 5

observation

Question 6

assignment of subjects to ________ makes it possible to determine with more certainty whether the differences between conditions actually caused any differences in behaviour

Answer 6

conditions

Question 7

what are the characteristics of nonexperimental research?

Answer 7

>

> the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of control in return for obtaining the data

> qualitative research that concerns the questions typically asked by the research

Question 8

______________ refers to nonexperimental research that asks questions regarding how people make meaning out of the world

Answer 8

qualitative research

Question 9

____________ refers to nonexperimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them

Answer 9

correlational research

Question 10

_________ research is much less interested in the cause and effect of a behavior, and more interested in how individuals understand themselves and make meaning out of their lives.

Answer 10

qualitative

Question 11

_______________ is non-experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of the relationship between them

Answer 11

correlational research

Question 12

nonexperimental research is often called ___________ research, because it seeks causes of behavior by looking for correlations among variables

Answer 12

correlational

Question 13

why is the term “correlational research” often misleading?

Answer 13

because all research is correlational to the extent that it seeks functional relationships between variables

Question 14

what makes research correlational?

Answer 14

the inability to manipulate some variables independently

Question 15

_________ research is often the first step in starting to answer the theoretical questions by empirical methods. _______ research is usually done as a follow-up to previous non-experimental observations.

Answer 15

nonexperimental

experimental

Question 16

__________ refers to a study method in which the researcher observes and record ongoing behaviour but does not attempt to change it

Answer 16

observational research

Question 17

__________ refers to a study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypotheses

Answer 17

archival research

Question 18

a _________ is an exploratory study of a particular situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis

Answer 18

case study

Question 19

_________’s asses public opinions or individual characteristics by the use of a questionnaire and sampling methods

Answer 19

survey

Question 20

Causality is more difficult to determine in _______ research . It is often more difficult to decide which variable caused the other, or whether both variables are caused by a third source.

Answer 20

correlational

Question 21

Social scientists have adopted the term _________ to describe methodology that looks at the interpretation of a text’s meaning

Answer 21

hermeneutics

Question 22

___________ refers to observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible

Answer 22

naturalistic observation

Question 23

_________ observations are made in the environment where the behavior naturally occurs

Answer 23

Naturalistic

Question 24

________________ refers to another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in the social sciences

Answer 24

unobtrusive research

Question 25

the term _______ simply refers to the effort that researchers make not to influence, or obtrude, on the behavior being studied

Answer 25

unobtrusive

Question 26

_______________ another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, that emphasizes that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied.

Answer 26

nonreactive research