psych 201 ch 8 &9 Flashcards
the distinction between experimental research and nonexperimental research is based on the degree of ______ that the researcher has over he subjects and the conditions of the research
control
an ________ is a kind of investigation in which some variable is manipulated
experiment
_________ in an experiment refers to conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant
manipulation
________ in an experiment refers to pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan
assignment
_________ refers to the record of a behavior
observation
assignment of subjects to ________ makes it possible to determine with more certainty whether the differences between conditions actually caused any differences in behaviour
conditions
what are the characteristics of nonexperimental research?
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> the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of control in return for obtaining the data
> qualitative research that concerns the questions typically asked by the research
______________ refers to nonexperimental research that asks questions regarding how people make meaning out of the world
qualitative research
____________ refers to nonexperimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them
correlational research
_________ research is much less interested in the cause and effect of a behavior, and more interested in how individuals understand themselves and make meaning out of their lives.
qualitative
_______________ is non-experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of the relationship between them
correlational research
nonexperimental research is often called ___________ research, because it seeks causes of behavior by looking for correlations among variables
correlational
why is the term “correlational research” often misleading?
because all research is correlational to the extent that it seeks functional relationships between variables
what makes research correlational?
the inability to manipulate some variables independently
_________ research is often the first step in starting to answer the theoretical questions by empirical methods. _______ research is usually done as a follow-up to previous non-experimental observations.
nonexperimental
experimental
__________ refers to a study method in which the researcher observes and record ongoing behaviour but does not attempt to change it
observational research
__________ refers to a study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypotheses
archival research
a _________ is an exploratory study of a particular situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis
case study
_________’s asses public opinions or individual characteristics by the use of a questionnaire and sampling methods
survey
Causality is more difficult to determine in _______ research . It is often more difficult to decide which variable caused the other, or whether both variables are caused by a third source.
correlational
Social scientists have adopted the term _________ to describe methodology that looks at the interpretation of a text’s meaning
hermeneutics
___________ refers to observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible
naturalistic observation
_________ observations are made in the environment where the behavior naturally occurs
Naturalistic
________________ refers to another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in the social sciences
unobtrusive research
the term _______ simply refers to the effort that researchers make not to influence, or obtrude, on the behavior being studied
unobtrusive
_______________ another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, that emphasizes that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied.
nonreactive research
