Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psych 201 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

often the purpose of a ______ is simply to determine how people feel about a particular issue.

A

survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A major function of surveys is to _______

A

dispel myths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“the empty nest syndrome” survey found that, rather than being depressed, virtually all of the mothers experienced a sense of ______.

A

relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An international survey of mothers and children from six different countries showed that in general, as physical punishment ______, anxiety and aggression ________ in children.

(hint: increased or decreased?)

A

increased; increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The measures of social psychological attitudes series also reviews and lists numerous measures of __________, _________, ________, and so forth

A

subjective well-being
social anxiety
depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why might the first question be “What do I expect to accomplish?” when designing a questionnaire?

A

because beginning researchers sometimes tend to design and administer a questionnaire without thinking through the purpose of doing the survey in the first place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An _________ question is one that the respondents answer in their own words

A

open-ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A __________ question is one that limits the respondents to certain alternatives

A

closed-ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which two basic categories can surveys questions be divided into?

A

1) open-ended questions

2) closed-ended question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ________ question permits respondents to answer more completely and to reveal the reasoning behind their answers.

A

open-ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Using open-ended questions makes it more likely that the questionnaire will discover something ____________ by its designers.

A

not anticipated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ questions are harder to code because the answers are in narrative form.

A

open-ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

it is necessary to ____________ in some way to summarize the data after the survey is complete

A

categorize responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_________ require more effort from the respondents and are more difficult for less articulate respondents to answer.

A

open-ended questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The advantages and disadvantages of open-ended questions make them more useful for _______ and _____ studies.

A

smaller and preliminary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________ questions are easier to code and analyze, and there are fewer off-the-wall responses.

A

closed-ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The disadvantages of closed-ended questions are that the issue being studied maybe ________________, or _________________.

A
  • too complex to reduce to a small set of alternatives
    or
  • the respondent may not agree with any of them (resulting in simplistic answers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ can creep into closed-ended question

A

error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

to reduce errors, many questionnaires requires that each response be __________, so that the responses can be tested for consistency

A

recorded in two places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the ______ of open-ended questions makes them more useful for small-scale and preliminary studies; whereas the ________ of closed-ended questions makes them more suitable for large studies.

A

flexibility; standardization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when addressing single issues per items, the principle concern is that the questionnaire items be ________.

A

unambiguous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

questionnaires must avoid _______.

A

bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When patients in a doctor’s office questionnaire are asked for their level of pain and fatigue without a specified reporting period, they report levels ______ to their current pain.

A

similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

________ refers to categories defined so that membership in one rules out membership in another

A

mutually exclusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

categories are mutually exclusive if no individual case could ________________.

A

belong to more than one category at a time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_________ refers to categories defined so that all possible cases will fall into one of them

A

exhaustive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

For the categories to be __________, all cases must fall into one or another of the alternatives.

A

exhaustive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

bias often enters when respondents perceive one alternative as more socially acceptable than the other - a phenomenon called ________

A

social desirability

29
Q

_________ is a characteristic of certain responses that causes people to choose that response even if it does not represent their true tendency or opinion

A

social desirability

30
Q

how do researchers avoid social desirability?

A

by wording questions so that each alternative appears equally socially desirable

31
Q

To balance people’s natural tendency to agree with any item, what might an experimenter also include?

A

a question that presents the matter the other way

32
Q

A ________ is a collection of items on a questionnaire designed to detect dishonest answers.

A

verification key

33
Q

Formatting a questionnaire entirely with binary close-ended questions makes it highly susceptible to bias caused by _________.

A

acquiescence

34
Q

________ refers to the tendency to agree with a statement on a questionnaire, regardless of its content

A

acquiescence

35
Q

It is estimated that the effect of acquiescence accounts for approximately ____% of responses.

A

10

36
Q

A ____________ is a question that asks for a response by marking a line between the minimum and maximum value for the statement

A

visual analogue scale

37
Q

A _________ is a question that asks for a rating of extent of agreement or disagreement with a statement; a rating scale.

A

Likert scale

38
Q

attitudes elicited by questionnaire items are frequently measured on a
__-point scale or ___-point scale

A

7-point scale

9-point scale

39
Q

_____ categories of agreement are the maximum that can be distinguished on most dimensions, though.

A

seven

40
Q

It is worth noting that scales are ____________ , just as thermometers or EEG machines are.

A

measurement instruments

41
Q

Using an appropriate scale to measure a response is as important as….

A

having an accurate ruler to measure the length of a line

42
Q

when creating questionnaires that concern _______, the usage of likert or VAS scales may produce less valid results than using the general labeled magnitude scale.

A

sensations.

43
Q

past experiences form a context for judging ______ and thus allows comparison of sensations between people.

A

strengths

44
Q

When constructing questions, often it is convenient to write ________ that permit the respondent to skip inappropriate items and move through a questionnaire more efficiently

A

branching items

45
Q

_________ refer to a set of questions that enable the respondent to move through a survey in different ways, depending upon the responses

A

branching items

46
Q

It is important to ________ the items in a questionnaire, and determine ___________

A

sequence

how the data will be analyzed

47
Q

A _________ in survey research is the percentage of individuals in the sample who return the completed survey

A

response rate

48
Q

The computerized questionnaire has the advantage of being impersonal, so ______ may be reduced.

A

social desirability

49
Q

computerized administration suffers from some of the same problems as the __________.

A

written response method

50
Q

How might written administration of questionnaires take several forms?

A

The questionnaire may be administered to a group, they may be dropped off at a particular location, or they may be mailed to the respondents.

51
Q

What is the main advantage of written questionnaires?

A

low cost

52
Q

another drawback with written responses is that there is no possibility of __________, illiterate or uncooperative participants will provide meaningless data.

A

clarifying questions that might be misunderstood.

53
Q

What is the main advantage of the telephone as a method of administering surveys?

A

low cost

54
Q

the ________ of telephone surveys is reduced by the fact that only people who have a home telephone and are willing to put up with the intrusion can be sampled.

A

external validity

55
Q

compared with face-to-face interviews, _________ make it harder to establish rapport or to judge the degree of seriousness with which the respondent is taking the interview

A

telephone interviews

56
Q

A principle concern with all methods of administering surveys is the problem of ________

A

response rate

57
Q

A survey with a ____ response rate will be biased in the direction of the more vocal people.

A

low

58
Q

Most researchers require at least __% and prefer __% response rates, although many will accept a lower rate if ways of increasing return rate are not practical

A

50%, and prefer 90%

59
Q

Lower response rates do not necessarily translate into _______, even though the quality of the data is a direct function of the return rate.

A

less accurate results

60
Q

A ________ sample refers to the population subgroup for whose selection the researcher uses hit-or-miss methods

A

haphazard

61
Q

_______ are almost worthless.

A

haphazard samples

62
Q

A _______ sample refers to a nonrandom sample that is chosen for some characteristic that it possesses.

A

purposive

63
Q

A _________ is a nonrandom sample that is chosen for practical reasons

A

convenience sample

64
Q

the main problem with ________ is that an error in judgment by the researcher in selecting the sampling may influence the results.

A

purposive sampling

65
Q

__________ samples permit one to apply various statistics.

A

probability

66
Q

A ______ sample is a sample in which every number of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected.

A

random

67
Q

A ______ sample is a probability sample but not a random sample

A

systematic

68
Q

________ involves selecting items from an ordered sampling frame

A

systematic sampling

psych 201 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions