chapter 8 Flashcards
_____ provide the most powerful means of studying behavior because they permit the greatest control
experiments
_______ is defined by exclusion: research that is not experimental
nonexperimental research
______ in an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant
manipulation
_____ in an experiment, pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan
assignment
______ is the record of behaviour
observation
An ______ is a kind of investigation in which some variable is manipulated
experiment
A researcher who is able to perform an experiment would set up the _______ (manipulate a variable) and assign _____ to them
conditions
variable
the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of _____ in return for obtaining the data.
control
_______ research is non-experimental research that asks questions regarding how people make meaning out of the world
quantitative
_______ research is non-experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them
correlational
_________ research is much less interested in the cause and effect of behaviour than is research based on experimentation
quantitative
quantitative research is interested in how individuals _________ and _____________.
understand themselves
make meaning out of their lives.
nonexperimental research is often called ________ because it seeks causes of behaviour by looking for correlations among variables.
correlational research
All research is correlational to the extent that it seeks ____________ between ______.
functional relationships
variables
true or false?
calculating correlations among variables makes the research correlational in the strict sense
false.
what makes research correlational in the common usage is the inability to manipulate some variables __________.
independently
nonexperimental research is often a first step in starting to answer theoretical questions by ______ methods.
empirical
_________ is the study method in which the researcher observes and records ongoing behaviour but does not attempt to change it.
observational research
________ is the study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypothesis
archival research
A _________ is an exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis
case study
_______ are typified by the varied nature of the methods used to study the problems and intensive description of a single individual or a single group of individuals.
case studies
A _______ assesses the public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of a questionnaire and sampling methods
survey
_______ is more difficult to determine in correlational research
causality
_______ are the principles of interpretation of a text’s meaning
hermeneutics
social scientists have adopted the term _______ to describe methodology that looks more at interpretation than causation
hermeneutics
what are the two forms of observational research?
naturalistic observation
participant-observer research
______ research involves recording ongoing behaviour without attempting to influence it
observational
_______ refers to observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible
naturalistic observation
__________ is another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in social sciences
unobtrusive research
the term _______ simply refers to the effort that researchers make not to influence, or obtrude on, the behaviour being studied
unobtrusive
_________ is another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, emphasizing that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied
nonreactive research
A _____ refers to an unobtrusive measure of behaviour that uses physical evidence
physical trace
observational research hus begun to play a more prominent role in psychology as more social scientists are becoming influenced by the methods and theories of __________
animal behaviorists
_______ refers to a type of observation that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the field
laboratory observation
what are the 3 fast-and-hard rules of Naturalistic observing?
1) careful record keeping
2) the use of a variety of types of measures
3) care for privacy of the participants
________ refers to observational research in which the observer participates in a group to record behavior
participant-observer research
________ and ________ are crucial in evaluating participant-observer studies because of the increased possibility of subjectivity in these situations
careful records and diaries
when studying a small group that is separated from the population as a whole, when little is known about a group, or when the group’s activities are not generally available to public view, __________ is the most useful research
participant-observation research
the methodology of __________ must be open-ended, flexible, and opportunistic.
participant observation
Participating in a group leads to problems of _______. The researcher must strike a balance between _________ and ________.
objectivity
taking the viewpoint of the group members and maintaining scientific objectivity
A person openly entering a fundamentalist church for the purpose of research and is welcomed as a potential convert is an example of ______________.
undisguised participant observation
a problem in observation research is that by entering a group, the observer ___________.
changes it to some extent
another problem in observational research is the ethical question of __________.
invasion of privacy
________ refers to factual information in existing records
archival data
the term ________ refers to research conducted using data that the research had no part in collecting
archival research
a limitation to archival research is that archival data are _____________.
collected for non-specific reasons
because case studies often include the use of observation and archival methodologies, the distinctions among them are __________.
not always clear
the principal characteristic of ___________ is that they examine individual instances or cases of some phenomenon
case studies
A _______ is a viewpoint expressed by telling and listening to stories that communicate meaning
narrative case study
observational researchers use one of two techniques: either
1) _______________ or
2) ___________________
1) a mathematical approach toward combating threats to internal validity
2) a more flexible, inductive process of developing and testing hypotheses
_________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word, phrase, or action.
manifest content
________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as measured by the appearance of themes interpreted by the researcher.
latent content
_____ content runs the risk of being less reliable than _______ content analysis.
latent
manifest
A ______ is a list of all the steps that a subject goes through in a study
protocol
A _______ is a tentative, small-scale study done to pretest and modify study design and procedures
pilot study
in ________ research: no attempt is made to manipulate an independent variable, and some degree of control often must be forfeited during the data collection procedure.
nonexperimental
__________ research methods include observational, archival, case study, and survey.
nonexperimental
__________ research involves recording a subject’s behavior without attempting to influence it.
observational
The _______ approach to understanding behavior attempts to discover reasons for behavior, rather than causes. it is based on techniques of textual interpretation.
hermeneutic
_______ research is a kind of naturalistic observation that uses physical evidence of behavior
physical trace
________ poses an an ethical problem in participant-observer research. A practical problem is the likelihood that the researcher may influence the group as well as observe it.
invasion of privacy
if the researcher cannot assign subjects to groups but must only observe how students in two already existing classes at a college learn according to the same two methods, we do not have a true experimental study.
T or F?
True
what are the characteristics of of nonexperimental research?
2) the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of control in return for obtaining the data
3) quantitative research
quantitative research is less concerned with the ________, and more interested in _____________.
the cause and effect of behaviour,
how individuals understand themselves and make meaning out of their lives.
nonexperimental research is often called ___________ because it seeks causes of behavior by looking for correlations among variables
correlational research
why is the term “correlational research” often misleading?
because all research is correlational to the extent that it seeks functional relationships between variables
what makes research correlational?
the inability to manipulate some variables independently
the term nonreactive emphasizes that the subjects are _______ (aware/unaware) that they are being studied therefore ______ (do/do not) react to the presence of the observer
unaware
do not
