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psych 201 > chapter 8 > Flashcards

chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ provide the most powerful means of studying behavior because they permit the greatest control

A

experiments

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2
Q

_______ is defined by exclusion: research that is not experimental

A

nonexperimental research

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3
Q

______ in an experiment, conditions or variables assigned or presented to a participant

A

manipulation

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4
Q

_____ in an experiment, pairing a subject with a condition or variable, according to the experimenter’s plan

A

assignment

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5
Q

______ is the record of behaviour

A

observation

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6
Q

An ______ is a kind of investigation in which some variable is manipulated

A

experiment

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7
Q

A researcher who is able to perform an experiment would set up the _______ (manipulate a variable) and assign _____ to them

A

conditions

variable

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8
Q

the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of _____ in return for obtaining the data.

A

control

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9
Q

_______ research is non-experimental research that asks questions regarding how people make meaning out of the world

A

quantitative

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10
Q

_______ research is non-experimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them

A

correlational

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11
Q

_________ research is much less interested in the cause and effect of behaviour than is research based on experimentation

A

quantitative

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12
Q

quantitative research is interested in how individuals _________ and _____________.

A

understand themselves

make meaning out of their lives.

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13
Q

nonexperimental research is often called ________ because it seeks causes of behaviour by looking for correlations among variables.

A

correlational research

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14
Q

All research is correlational to the extent that it seeks ____________ between ______.

A

functional relationships

variables

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15
Q

true or false?

calculating correlations among variables makes the research correlational in the strict sense

A

false.

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16
Q

what makes research correlational in the common usage is the inability to manipulate some variables __________.

A

independently

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17
Q

nonexperimental research is often a first step in starting to answer theoretical questions by ______ methods.

A

empirical

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18
Q

_________ is the study method in which the researcher observes and records ongoing behaviour but does not attempt to change it.

A

observational research

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19
Q

________ is the study method that examines existing records to obtain data and test hypothesis

A

archival research

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20
Q

A _________ is an exploratory study of an existing situation as a means of creating and testing a hypothesis

A

case study

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21
Q

_______ are typified by the varied nature of the methods used to study the problems and intensive description of a single individual or a single group of individuals.

A

case studies

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22
Q

A _______ assesses the public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of a questionnaire and sampling methods

A

survey

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23
Q

_______ is more difficult to determine in correlational research

A

causality

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24
Q

_______ are the principles of interpretation of a text’s meaning

A

hermeneutics

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25
Q

social scientists have adopted the term _______ to describe methodology that looks more at interpretation than causation

A

hermeneutics

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26
Q

what are the two forms of observational research?

A

naturalistic observation

participant-observer research

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27
Q

______ research involves recording ongoing behaviour without attempting to influence it

A

observational

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28
Q

_______ refers to observational research of subjects in their natural environment carried out to disturb the subjects as little as possible

A

naturalistic observation

29
Q

__________ is another term for naturalistic observation, commonly used in social sciences

A

unobtrusive research

30
Q

the term _______ simply refers to the effort that researchers make not to influence, or obtrude on, the behaviour being studied

A

unobtrusive

31
Q

_________ is another term for naturalistic observation in the social sciences, emphasizing that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied

A

nonreactive research

32
Q

A _____ refers to an unobtrusive measure of behaviour that uses physical evidence

A

physical trace

33
Q

observational research hus begun to play a more prominent role in psychology as more social scientists are becoming influenced by the methods and theories of __________

A

animal behaviorists

34
Q

_______ refers to a type of observation that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the field

A

laboratory observation

35
Q

what are the 3 fast-and-hard rules of Naturalistic observing?

A

1) careful record keeping
2) the use of a variety of types of measures
3) care for privacy of the participants

36
Q

________ refers to observational research in which the observer participates in a group to record behavior

A

participant-observer research

37
Q

________ and ________ are crucial in evaluating participant-observer studies because of the increased possibility of subjectivity in these situations

A

careful records and diaries

38
Q

when studying a small group that is separated from the population as a whole, when little is known about a group, or when the group’s activities are not generally available to public view, __________ is the most useful research

A

participant-observation research

39
Q

the methodology of __________ must be open-ended, flexible, and opportunistic.

A

participant observation

40
Q

Participating in a group leads to problems of _______. The researcher must strike a balance between _________ and ________.

A

objectivity

taking the viewpoint of the group members and maintaining scientific objectivity

41
Q

A person openly entering a fundamentalist church for the purpose of research and is welcomed as a potential convert is an example of ______________.

A

undisguised participant observation

42
Q

a problem in observation research is that by entering a group, the observer ___________.

A

changes it to some extent

43
Q

another problem in observational research is the ethical question of __________.

A

invasion of privacy

44
Q

________ refers to factual information in existing records

A

archival data

45
Q

the term ________ refers to research conducted using data that the research had no part in collecting

A

archival research

46
Q

a limitation to archival research is that archival data are _____________.

A

collected for non-specific reasons

47
Q

because case studies often include the use of observation and archival methodologies, the distinctions among them are __________.

A

not always clear

48
Q

the principal characteristic of ___________ is that they examine individual instances or cases of some phenomenon

A

case studies

49
Q

A _______ is a viewpoint expressed by telling and listening to stories that communicate meaning

A

narrative case study

50
Q

observational researchers use one of two techniques: either

1) _______________ or
2) ___________________

A

1) a mathematical approach toward combating threats to internal validity
2) a more flexible, inductive process of developing and testing hypotheses

51
Q

_________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as indicated by measuring the frequency of some objective word, phrase, or action.

A

manifest content

52
Q

________ refers to the content of a text or photograph as measured by the appearance of themes interpreted by the researcher.

A

latent content

53
Q

_____ content runs the risk of being less reliable than _______ content analysis.

A

latent

manifest

54
Q

A ______ is a list of all the steps that a subject goes through in a study

A

protocol

55
Q

A _______ is a tentative, small-scale study done to pretest and modify study design and procedures

A

pilot study

56
Q

in ________ research: no attempt is made to manipulate an independent variable, and some degree of control often must be forfeited during the data collection procedure.

A

nonexperimental

57
Q

__________ research methods include observational, archival, case study, and survey.

A

nonexperimental

58
Q

__________ research involves recording a subject’s behavior without attempting to influence it.

A

observational

59
Q

The _______ approach to understanding behavior attempts to discover reasons for behavior, rather than causes. it is based on techniques of textual interpretation.

A

hermeneutic

60
Q

_______ research is a kind of naturalistic observation that uses physical evidence of behavior

A

physical trace

61
Q

________ poses an an ethical problem in participant-observer research. A practical problem is the likelihood that the researcher may influence the group as well as observe it.

A

invasion of privacy

62
Q

if the researcher cannot assign subjects to groups but must only observe how students in two already existing classes at a college learn according to the same two methods, we do not have a true experimental study.

T or F?

A

True

63
Q

what are the characteristics of of nonexperimental research?

A

2) the data collection procedure often must forfeit some degree of control in return for obtaining the data
3) quantitative research

64
Q

quantitative research is less concerned with the ________, and more interested in _____________.

A

the cause and effect of behaviour,

how individuals understand themselves and make meaning out of their lives.

65
Q

nonexperimental research is often called ___________ because it seeks causes of behavior by looking for correlations among variables

A

correlational research

66
Q

why is the term “correlational research” often misleading?

A

because all research is correlational to the extent that it seeks functional relationships between variables

67
Q

what makes research correlational?

A

the inability to manipulate some variables independently

68
Q

the term nonreactive emphasizes that the subjects are _______ (aware/unaware) that they are being studied therefore ______ (do/do not) react to the presence of the observer

A

unaware

do not

psych 201 (13 decks)

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