midterm 1 (ch. 1, 5, 6, 7, 3) Flashcards
intuition is based on _____, it is _____ so it is not based on ______
experience
spontaneous
mental steps
______ is limited by numerous cognitive and emotional biases
intuition
intuitive standards may differ based on ____ and _____
era and culture
a _____ is a statement that certain events are regularly associated
law
facts are explained in terms of _____
laws
t or f
for something t be considered a law, it must demonstrate perfect relations and state cause-effect relationships
f
A ______ is a statement that explains one or more laws
theory
which of the follow is NOT true
A) theories organize knowledge and explain laws
B) theories predict new laws & guides research
C) Good theories are falsifiable and make risky predictions
D) theories state that certain events are regularly associated
D
- LAWS state that certain events are regularly associated…
Theories are statements that explain one or more Laws
A _______ is a statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity
Hypothesis
_________ is when a construct is defined in terms of how it is measured or manipulated
operationism
the two types of operational definitions are _____ and _____
measured
experimental
what is being measured is considered to be the ______ and the following experimental procedure is considered to be the ______
dependent variable (DV)
independent variable (IV)
______ refers to constructs defined in observational terms
empirical
_____ refers to constructs defined in physical units (frequency, duration, latency, intensity, distance)
quantitative
seeing johnny hitting the toy is ______, whereas counting how many times johnny hits the toy is _______
empirical
quantitative
_____ refers to constructs defined so that two or more independent observers agree on its occurence
reliability
_____ is essential to reliability
specificity
_______ refers to when changes in the level of our measure reflect meaningful changes in the level of the construct
ex: johnny truly was more aggressive today than yesterday; we observed Johnny hitting the toy clown more often today than yesterday
sensitivity
a ______ is an aspect of research setting that changes value with changing conditions
variable
a ______ is an aspect of research setting that does not change value with changing conditions
constant
the _______ refers to the measure of behaviours of the subject reflecting effects of the independent variable (IV)
dependent variable (DV) "effect"
the _______ refers to the condition manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its effects on the dependent variable (DV)
independent variable (IV) "cause"
a ________ is an IV whose levels can be manipulated
- characteristics of the situation or environment
situational variable
a _______ is an IV whose levels can only be selected
- characteristics of the subjects
subject variable
the ________ refers to inferred processes mediating the effects of an IV on a DV
intervening variables
an ______ is a variable other than the IV that can potentially impact the DV
- ex: effect of # of persons at table on amount of tip, gender of server, music playing, waiting time, etc….
extraneous variable
the _______ is an extraneous variable that varies along with the IV, so the effect is inseparable from the IV
confounded
levels of quantitative variables vary in ______ and use the number to indicate the level of the variable ; levels of categorical (nominal) variables vary in _____ and use the label to indicate the level of the variable
amount
kind
_____ variable levels fall into separate bins with no intermediate values possible
discrete variable
______ variable levels fall along a continuum and are not limited (in principle) to a certain
continuous variable
if the apparent limits are 125 sec, the real limits are ________ sec
122.5 to 127.5
a _____ is a process of assigning numbers to levels of a variable
measurement
__________ determines how useful the measurement is
rule for assignment
what are the four scales of measurement?
nominal scale
ordinal scale
interval scale
Ratio Scale
_____ scales divide objects or events into categories, use no numerical or quantitative properties, and provide no information about quality
Nominal
______ scales are nominal scales that arrange in order of magnitude, and give crude information about quantity
Ordinal
_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition actually measures the construct it purports to measure
construct
______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition superficially appears to measure the construct it purports to measure (“common sense”)
face
_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition adequately samples the range of behaviour represented by the construct it purports to measure
content
_______ validity refers to the extent to which measure derived from operational definition correlates with measures derived from other operational definitions of the construct
criterion
______ refers to, with conditions constant, the extent to which data obtained from repeated measurements of the construct are consistent
reliability
______ refers to relying on authority for day-to-day information (we are appealing to authority)
expertise heuristic
_______ refers to the belief in something because expert source told you it’s true
authority
the _____ states that among competing theories that predict equally well, the one with the assumptions should be selected
law of parsimony
________ refers to the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
availability heuristic
_____ is a way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observation
science
_____ refers to when people exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
social loafing
_________ refers to when people feel less responsible to take action when others are around
diffusion of responsibility
_______ refers to when individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are around
bystander effect
______ refers to the tendency to look for or only use the information that supports your theory or belief, and ignore the information that contradicts your theory
confirmation bias
_______ refers to when the measured score differs from the true score due to unknown factors, which vary randomly and impact reliability
random error
_______ refers to when the measured score differs from true score due to consistent bias
systematic error
