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psych 201 > midterm 1 (ch. 1, 5, 6, 7, 3) > Flashcards

midterm 1 (ch. 1, 5, 6, 7, 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

intuition is based on _____, it is _____ so it is not based on ______

A

experience
spontaneous
mental steps

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2
Q

______ is limited by numerous cognitive and emotional biases

A

intuition

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3
Q

intuitive standards may differ based on ____ and _____

A

era and culture

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4
Q

a _____ is a statement that certain events are regularly associated

A

law

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5
Q

facts are explained in terms of _____

A

laws

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6
Q

t or f

for something t be considered a law, it must demonstrate perfect relations and state cause-effect relationships

A

f

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7
Q

A ______ is a statement that explains one or more laws

A

theory

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8
Q

which of the follow is NOT true

A) theories organize knowledge and explain laws

B) theories predict new laws & guides research

C) Good theories are falsifiable and make risky predictions

D) theories state that certain events are regularly associated

A

D

  • LAWS state that certain events are regularly associated…
    Theories are statements that explain one or more Laws
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9
Q

A _______ is a statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity

A

Hypothesis

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10
Q

_________ is when a construct is defined in terms of how it is measured or manipulated

A

operationism

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11
Q

the two types of operational definitions are _____ and _____

A

measured

experimental

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12
Q

what is being measured is considered to be the ______ and the following experimental procedure is considered to be the ______

A

dependent variable (DV)

independent variable (IV)

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13
Q

______ refers to constructs defined in observational terms

A

empirical

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14
Q

_____ refers to constructs defined in physical units (frequency, duration, latency, intensity, distance)

A

quantitative

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15
Q

seeing johnny hitting the toy is ______, whereas counting how many times johnny hits the toy is _______

A

empirical

quantitative

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16
Q

_____ refers to constructs defined so that two or more independent observers agree on its occurence

A

reliability

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17
Q

_____ is essential to reliability

A

specificity

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18
Q

_______ refers to when changes in the level of our measure reflect meaningful changes in the level of the construct

ex: johnny truly was more aggressive today than yesterday; we observed Johnny hitting the toy clown more often today than yesterday

A

sensitivity

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19
Q

a ______ is an aspect of research setting that changes value with changing conditions

A

variable

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20
Q

a ______ is an aspect of research setting that does not change value with changing conditions

A

constant

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21
Q

the _______ refers to the measure of behaviours of the subject reflecting effects of the independent variable (IV)

A 
dependent variable (DV)
"effect"
22
Q

the _______ refers to the condition manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its effects on the dependent variable (DV)

A 
independent variable (IV)
"cause"
23
Q

a ________ is an IV whose levels can be manipulated

- characteristics of the situation or environment

A

situational variable

24
Q

a _______ is an IV whose levels can only be selected

- characteristics of the subjects

A

subject variable

25
Q

the ________ refers to inferred processes mediating the effects of an IV on a DV

A

intervening variables

26
Q

an ______ is a variable other than the IV that can potentially impact the DV
- ex: effect of # of persons at table on amount of tip, gender of server, music playing, waiting time, etc….

A

extraneous variable

27
Q

the _______ is an extraneous variable that varies along with the IV, so the effect is inseparable from the IV

A

confounded

28
Q

levels of quantitative variables vary in ______ and use the number to indicate the level of the variable ; levels of categorical (nominal) variables vary in _____ and use the label to indicate the level of the variable

A

amount

kind

29
Q

_____ variable levels fall into separate bins with no intermediate values possible

A

discrete variable

30
Q

______ variable levels fall along a continuum and are not limited (in principle) to a certain

A

continuous variable

31
Q

if the apparent limits are 125 sec, the real limits are ________ sec

A

122.5 to 127.5

32
Q

a _____ is a process of assigning numbers to levels of a variable

A

measurement

33
Q

__________ determines how useful the measurement is

A

rule for assignment

34
Q

what are the four scales of measurement?

A

nominal scale
ordinal scale
interval scale
Ratio Scale

35
Q

_____ scales divide objects or events into categories, use no numerical or quantitative properties, and provide no information about quality

A

Nominal

36
Q

______ scales are nominal scales that arrange in order of magnitude, and give crude information about quantity

A

Ordinal

37
Q

_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition actually measures the construct it purports to measure

A

construct

38
Q

______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition superficially appears to measure the construct it purports to measure (“common sense”)

A

face

39
Q

_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition adequately samples the range of behaviour represented by the construct it purports to measure

A

content

40
Q

_______ validity refers to the extent to which measure derived from operational definition correlates with measures derived from other operational definitions of the construct

A

criterion

41
Q

______ refers to, with conditions constant, the extent to which data obtained from repeated measurements of the construct are consistent

A

reliability

42
Q

______ refers to relying on authority for day-to-day information (we are appealing to authority)

A

expertise heuristic

43
Q

_______ refers to the belief in something because expert source told you it’s true

A

authority

44
Q

the _____ states that among competing theories that predict equally well, the one with the assumptions should be selected

A

law of parsimony

45
Q

________ refers to the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

A

availability heuristic

46
Q

_____ is a way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observation

A

science

47
Q

_____ refers to when people exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

A

social loafing

48
Q

_________ refers to when people feel less responsible to take action when others are around

A

diffusion of responsibility

49
Q

_______ refers to when individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are around

A

bystander effect

50
Q

______ refers to the tendency to look for or only use the information that supports your theory or belief, and ignore the information that contradicts your theory

A

confirmation bias

51
Q

_______ refers to when the measured score differs from the true score due to unknown factors, which vary randomly and impact reliability

A

random error

52
Q

_______ refers to when the measured score differs from true score due to consistent bias

A

systematic error

psych 201 (13 decks)

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