midterm 1 (ch. 1, 5, 6, 7, 3)

Question 1

intuition is based on _____, it is _____ so it is not based on ______

Answer 1

experience
spontaneous
mental steps

Question 2

______ is limited by numerous cognitive and emotional biases

Answer 2

intuition

Question 3

intuitive standards may differ based on ____ and _____

Answer 3

era and culture

Question 4

a _____ is a statement that certain events are regularly associated

Answer 4

law

Question 5

facts are explained in terms of _____

Answer 5

laws

Question 6

t or f

for something t be considered a law, it must demonstrate perfect relations and state cause-effect relationships

Answer 6

f

Question 7

A ______ is a statement that explains one or more laws

Answer 7

theory

Question 8

which of the follow is NOT true

A) theories organize knowledge and explain laws

B) theories predict new laws & guides research

C) Good theories are falsifiable and make risky predictions

D) theories state that certain events are regularly associated

Answer 8

D

• LAWS state that certain events are regularly associated…
  Theories are statements that explain one or more Laws

Question 9

A _______ is a statement assumed to be true for the purpose of testing its validity

Answer 9

Hypothesis

Question 10

_________ is when a construct is defined in terms of how it is measured or manipulated

Answer 10

operationism

Question 11

the two types of operational definitions are _____ and _____

Answer 11

measured

experimental

Question 12

what is being measured is considered to be the ______ and the following experimental procedure is considered to be the ______

Answer 12

dependent variable (DV)

independent variable (IV)

Question 13

______ refers to constructs defined in observational terms

Answer 13

empirical

Question 14

_____ refers to constructs defined in physical units (frequency, duration, latency, intensity, distance)

Answer 14

quantitative

Question 15

seeing johnny hitting the toy is ______, whereas counting how many times johnny hits the toy is _______

Answer 15

empirical

quantitative

Question 16

_____ refers to constructs defined so that two or more independent observers agree on its occurence

Answer 16

reliability

Question 17

_____ is essential to reliability

Answer 17

specificity

Question 18

_______ refers to when changes in the level of our measure reflect meaningful changes in the level of the construct

ex: johnny truly was more aggressive today than yesterday; we observed Johnny hitting the toy clown more often today than yesterday

Answer 18

sensitivity

Question 19

a ______ is an aspect of research setting that changes value with changing conditions

Answer 19

variable

Question 20

a ______ is an aspect of research setting that does not change value with changing conditions

Answer 20

constant

Question 21

the _______ refers to the measure of behaviours of the subject reflecting effects of the independent variable (IV)

Answer 21

dependent variable (DV)
"effect"

Question 22

the _______ refers to the condition manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its effects on the dependent variable (DV)

Answer 22

independent variable (IV)
"cause"

Question 23

a ________ is an IV whose levels can be manipulated

- characteristics of the situation or environment

Answer 23

situational variable

Question 24

a _______ is an IV whose levels can only be selected

- characteristics of the subjects

Answer 24

subject variable

Question 25

the ________ refers to inferred processes mediating the effects of an IV on a DV

Answer 25

intervening variables

Question 26

an ______ is a variable other than the IV that can potentially impact the DV - ex: effect of # of persons at table on amount of tip, gender of server, music playing, waiting time, etc....

Answer 26

extraneous variable

Question 27

the _______ is an extraneous variable that varies along with the IV, so the effect is inseparable from the IV

Answer 27

confounded

Question 28

levels of quantitative variables vary in ______ and use the number to indicate the level of the variable ; levels of categorical (nominal) variables vary in _____ and use the label to indicate the level of the variable

Answer 28

amount kind

Question 29

_____ variable levels fall into separate bins with no intermediate values possible

Answer 29

discrete variable

Question 30

______ variable levels fall along a continuum and are not limited (in principle) to a certain

Answer 30

continuous variable

Question 31

if the apparent limits are 125 sec, the real limits are ________ sec

Answer 31

122.5 to 127.5

Question 32

a _____ is a process of assigning numbers to levels of a variable

Answer 32

measurement

Question 33

__________ determines how useful the measurement is

Answer 33

rule for assignment

Question 34

what are the four scales of measurement?

Answer 34

nominal scale ordinal scale interval scale Ratio Scale

Question 35

_____ scales divide objects or events into categories, use no numerical or quantitative properties, and provide no information about quality

Answer 35

Nominal

Question 36

______ scales are nominal scales that arrange in order of magnitude, and give crude information about quantity

Answer 36

Ordinal

Question 37

_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition actually measures the construct it purports to measure

Answer 37

construct

Question 38

______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition superficially appears to measure the construct it purports to measure ("common sense")

Answer 38

face

Question 39

_______ validity refers to the extent to which operational definition adequately samples the range of behaviour represented by the construct it purports to measure

Answer 39

content

Question 40

_______ validity refers to the extent to which measure derived from operational definition correlates with measures derived from other operational definitions of the construct

Answer 40

criterion

Question 41

______ refers to, with conditions constant, the extent to which data obtained from repeated measurements of the construct are consistent

Answer 41

reliability

Question 42

______ refers to relying on authority for day-to-day information (we are appealing to authority)

Answer 42

expertise heuristic

Question 43

_______ refers to the belief in something because expert source told you it's true

Answer 43

authority

Question 44

the _____ states that among competing theories that predict equally well, the one with the assumptions should be selected

Answer 44

law of parsimony

Question 45

________ refers to the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

Answer 45

availability heuristic

Question 46

_____ is a way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observation

Answer 46

science

Question 47

_____ refers to when people exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

Answer 47

social loafing

Question 48

_________ refers to when people feel less responsible to take action when others are around

Answer 48

diffusion of responsibility

Question 49

_______ refers to when individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are around

Answer 49

bystander effect

Question 50

______ refers to the tendency to look for or only use the information that supports your theory or belief, and ignore the information that contradicts your theory

Answer 50

confirmation bias

Question 51

_______ refers to when the measured score differs from the true score due to unknown factors, which vary randomly and impact reliability

Answer 51

random error

Question 52

_______ refers to when the measured score differs from true score due to consistent bias

Answer 52

systematic error