chapter 14 & 15 Flashcards
_______ is the process by which raw data are put into a form useful for statistical analysis
data reduction
A _________ is a notebook for recording information important to a study, such as design, procedure, and th eplanned analysis
lab notebook
______ is the process of transcribing data from individual data sheet to a summary form
data reduction
A ________ is a record that specifies the variables of a study, the columns they occupy in the data file, and their possible values
coding guide
___________ are statistics that help us to draw conclusions about populations
inferential statistics
__________ are statistics that summarize a set of data
descriptive statistics
The most common descriptive statistics concern
a. measures of central tendency.
b. measures of variability.
c. Both a and b.
d. Neither a nor b.
c. Both a and b.
The main advantage of the mean is
a. it is sensitive to the values of extreme scores.
b. it uses all of the information in the distribution.
c. it is not influenced at all by the other scores in the distribution.
d. it is only influenced by how many scores fall above it or below it.
b. it uses all of the information in the distribution.
The variance is
a. based on the median.
b. based on the mode.
c. based on the mean.
d. the square root of the standard deviation.
c. based on the mean.
A __________ refer to a measure of the average score in a distribution, such as the mean, median, or mode
measure of central tendency
A ____________ refer to a measure of the degree of difference between scores in a distribution
measure of variability
the ______ is the easiest measure of central tendency to define and the most common score in a frequency distribution
mode
The _____ is the middlemost score in a distribution
median
The ______ is the common average.
mean
the _____ is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
range
Which measure of variability is probably best when the data are skewed?
a. Standard deviation.
b. Variance.
c. Range.
d. Interquartile range.
d. Interquartile range.
Which one of the following terms least belongs with the others?
a. Y-axis.
b. Dependent variable.
c. Vertical.
d. X-axis.
d. X-axis.
A ___________ shows the same information as a frequency table in a graphical format.
frequency distribution
Which one of the following graphs would be used as a preliminary step in correlational analysis?
a. Frequency distribution graph.
b. Line graph.
c. Bar graph.
d. Scattergram.
d. Scattergram.
Predicting the value of one variable from another is called
a. regression.
b. correlation.
c. t-test.
d. chi-square.
a. regression.
Line graphs should not be used to describe____________ data.
a. continuous
b. categorical
c. quantitative
d. frequency
b. categorical
If the independent variable in an experiment is gender, it would be appropriate to use a _____ to represent the data.
a. cumulative record
b. bar graph
c. line graph
d. scattergram
b. bar graph
A _____ is a score below which a certain percentage of the cases in a distribution fall; a score, not a percentage
percentile
________ range is a measure of variability defined as difference between the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile; it is a difference in scores, not percentages
interquartile range
______________ is a measure of variability defined as half the interquartile range
semi-interquartile range
the _______ is the average of the squared deviations from the mean
variance
the __________ is the square root of the variance; a measure of variability in the same units as the scores being described
standard deviation
the _______ is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean
sum of squares
A _____ is a display of data in a matrix format
table
A ____ is a representation of data by spatial relationships in a diagram
graph
A ________ is a graph that shows the number of scores that fall into specific bins, or divisions of the variable
frequency distribution
A _______ is a frequency distribution in which the frequencies are represented by contiguous bars
histogram
A _________ is a frequency distribution in which the frequencies are connected by straight lines
frequency polygon
the ________ refers to a bell-shaped curve described by a certain mathematical function
normal curve
_____ is a distribution that is not symmetrical
skewed
if a frequency distribution is not symmetrical and has a longer tail on one end or the other, we say that it is _______.
skewed
______________ is a distribution that shows the number of scores that fall at or below a certain score
cumulative frequency distribution
A _______is a graph showing the responses of a number of individuals on two variables; visual display of correlational data
scattergram
