chapter6 Flashcards
an indication of accuracy in terms of the extent to which a research conclusion corresponds with reality
validity
the ultimate goal of _____ is to develop a theory that explains the relationships found among variables
research
the extent to which a study provides evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables
internal validity
an experiment has internal validity if there are ______ reasons to believe that a cause and effect relationship really is present between the independent and
sound
in an experiment with high internal validity, it really was the ______ variable that caused the ______ variable to change
independent
dependent
the error that occurs when the effects of two variables in an experiment cannot be separated, resulting in a confused interpretation of the results.
confounding
in an experiment, time is ______ if its possible effects were not tested separately from the effects of feedback.
confounded
when some condition co-varies with the independent variable in such a way that their separate effects cannot be sorted out, the two variables are _______.
confounded
time is correlated with ______
feedback
______ is one of the biggest threats to validity in experimentation
confounding
a difference between subjects that cannot be controlled but can only be selected
subject variables
_____ is a good example of a subject variable
gender
*why?: participants cannot be assigned to one gender, but must be selected from pre-existing groups
the extent to which the results support the theory behind the research
construct validity
the _______ of a measurement concerns whether it measures what it is intended to measure and nothing else
construct validity
How can you ensure construct validity?
You can’t, but you can plan your research so that it is more plausible
an aspect of an experiment designed to make certain that variables have changed in the way that was intended
manipulation check
________ aim to see that a variable (usually the independent variable) is working in the way that you think that it is, and these checks are often built right into experimental design
manipulation checks
destruction of a particular part of the brain, the _______, will cause a rat to become obese if it is allowed to eat all it wants
hypothalamus
how well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or population
external validity
the extent to which an experimental situation mimics a real-world situation
ecological validity
the extent to which data are shown to be the result of cause-effect relationships rather than accident
statistical conclusion validity
to establish __________, appropriate sampling and measurement techniques must be used, and inferential statistics must be used properly, in keeping your underlying assumptions
statistical conclusion validity
the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, in fact, false
power
the ________ refers to the strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
effect size
____________ is when two variables are related, yet it is not clear which one is the cause and which one is the effect
ambiguous temporal precedence
when events outside of the laboratory influence the results, this type of confounding is called ________.
history
_________ is a source of error in an experiment related to the amount of time between measurements
maturation
The participants may become sophisticated about the testing procedure or may learn how to take tests so that there is an _____________
effect of repeat testing
______________ refers to the tendency of subjects with extreme scores on a first measure to score closer to the mean on a second testing
regression effect
that part of the value of a variable that can be attributed to chance can be referred to as __________
random error
