chpt1

Question 1

the term ________ simply means based on experience.

Answer 1

empirical

Question 2

what are two non-empirical methods of learning about behaviour?

Answer 2

authority and logic

Question 3

what is one limitation of authority as a way of learning about behaviour?

Answer 3

authorities are often wrong, even when they assert their beliefs most forcefully.

Question 4

if I had no faith in ______, I would not be taking this course to learn research methods from a professor.

Answer 4

authority

Question 5

if the first two statements are true, then the third follows ______

Answer 5

logically

Question 6

What is a limitation of logic as a way of learning about behaviour?

Answer 6

Logic can tell you a statement is false because of an improper conclusion, but a statement can be logically valid and still not be true because it assumes something to be the case that is not.

Question 7

although logic and authority are extremely important to science, there is no substitute for ________ evidence

Answer 7

empirical

Question 8

what are two empirical methods of learning about behaviour?

Answer 8

intuitive and scientific

Question 9

______ is a way of knowing based on spontaneous, instinctive processes rather than on logic or reasoning

Answer 9

intuition

Question 10

__________, practical intelligence shared by a large group of people, is a form of intuition because of its dependence on informal methods.

Answer 10

common sense

Question 11

_________ is based on inductive and deductive reasoning

Answer 11

logic

Question 12

what are the two basic limitations of common sense?

Answer 12

1) standards of common sense differ from time to time and from place to place depending on attitudes and experiences of the culture
2) the only criterion common sense recognizes for judging the truth is whether or not it works

Question 13

according to the common sense method, no _________ ________ is made to see why a practice works, or to test it’s theoretical explanation to see if its true

Answer 13

systematic attempt

Question 14

true or false?

common sense notions of child-rearing do NOT help in dealing with children with autism

Answer 14

true

Question 15

when something goes against common sense, it is __________

Answer 15

counterintuitive

Question 16

_______ is based on deductive or inductive reasoning and

Answer 16

logic

Question 17

In addition to authority, logic, and intuition, the fourth major way of knowing about behavior is _______

Answer 17

science

Question 18

________ refers to a way of obtaining knowledge by means of objective observation

Answer 18

science

Question 19

the scientific method consists of executing the following four steps:

Answer 19

(1) defining the problem
(2) forming a hypothesis
(3) collecting data
(4) drawing conclusions
(5) communicating the findings

Question 20

what are hub disciplines?

Answer 20

scientific disciplines with ideas and subgroups that cross scientific boundaries.

Question 21

what are EXAMPLES of a hub discipline?

Answer 21

mathematics
physics 
earth sciences 
medicines
chemistry
PSYCHOLOGY

Question 22

________ __________ are those made in such a way that any person having normal perception and being in the same place at the same time would arrive at the same observation.

Answer 22

objective observations

Question 23

why does science never claim to have the whole truth on any question?

Answer 23

because new information may make current knowledge obsolete at any time.