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PSY331 > PSY331 - 8. Culture and Emotions > Flashcards

PSY331 - 8. Culture and Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

Meanings, conceptions + interpretive schemes activated, constructed through participation in normative social institutions + practices (linguistic practices)…shaping psychological processes in individuals in a society.”
traditions, languages, practices, ideas

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2
Q

Culture

A

emotion isn’t always private physiological phenomenon
emotions can be culturally defined
emotional reality may be diff depending on culture

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3
Q

Methodological Problems Can’t

A

Most studied cultures are prosperous, modern cultures
that researchers have easy access to.
can’t generalize when looking at selective groups which may be more similar to North America

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4
Q

Methodological Problems Can’t

A

make conclusions about differences between (Americans + East Asians), but cultural differences within nations
lumping together - reductionist

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5
Q

Methodological Problems Can’t

A

rating scales are inconsistent

correlational studies so we can’t make causal claims

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6
Q

I. Cultural Difference in Emotion:

Display Rules - Friesen (1972)

A

Japs + Americans watched disgusting videos of
surgical procedures
1. Alone, then in presence of experimenter

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7
Q

I. Cultural Difference in Emotion:

Display Rules

A

Alone: Both groups expressed disgust
Experimenter: Only Japanese masked emotion
Matsumoto et al. (2005) – Americans express emotions
more visibly than Japanese or Russians

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8
Q

I. Cultural Difference in Emotion:

Display Rules

A

display rules come into play
culturally sensitive to authority figure and show deference
more appropriate to show

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9
Q

I. Cultural Difference in Emotion:

Display Rules

A

who we show it to changes
acquiantances and less to family and friends - asians
opposite in north america

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10
Q

Cultural Difference in Expression: Butler, Lee, & Gross (2009)

A

correlational

Pairs of European- and Asian-American women discussed upsetting WWII film

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11
Q

Cultural Difference in Expression: Butler, Lee, & Gross (2009)

A

EAs: less expressive Ps showed greater increases in blood pressure (showed same stress response)
EAs value expressiveness more

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12
Q

Cultural Difference in Expression: Butler, Lee, & Gross (2009)

A

AAs: less expressive Ps showed no blood pressure
increase
suppression maybe more natural response, less threatening to not show

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13
Q

Intensity of Emotions: Matsumoto, 1990

A

Show subtle expressions in Japan; stronger ones in U.S.
less intensity display in Asians more typical
diff in sympathetic activation to not expressing emotion intensity

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14
Q

Dialect Theory: Elfenbein et al. (2007)

A

2 French-speaking regions, Quebec + Gabon (Africa) posed
different emotional expressions
Subtle, but consistent, differences

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15
Q

Cultural Difference in Expression: Jack, Caldara & Schyns (2012)

A

Western Caucasian vs. East Asian’s representations of 6 basic facial expressions of emotions
noticing + representing emotions diff based on our culture

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16
Q

Cultural Difference in Expression: Jack, Caldara & Schyns (2012)

A

Western Caucasians’ representations featured
eyebrows + mouth
East Asians’ representations preference for expressive information in eye region (including changes of gaze direction)

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17
Q

Cultural Difference in Emotion Labels: Shaver, Wu, & Schwartz (1992)

A

Chinese and US

individuals see anger, sadness, fear + happiness essentially same way

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18
Q

Cultural Difference in Emotion Labels: Shaver, Wu, & Schwartz (1992)

A

Chinese: love = closer to “sad love”; negative
arranged marriages - separating force rather than attractive force
Shame = basic emotion

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19
Q

Cultural Difference in Emotion Labels

A

Situation (semteende) = embarrassing

refers more to the situation than own response

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20
Q

Cultural Difference in Emotion Labels

A

Bodily reaction (sadness vs. sickness)
more likely to refer to the body being sick vs mind being sad
mental illnesses being more frowned upon and ignored

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21
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion: Scherer et al. (1988)

A

diff cultures react to diff events with diff emotions

diff display rules or appraisals which influence emotional reactions towards same ppl

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22
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion: Scherer et al. (1988)

A

Strangers were associated with fear far less for Japanese than European + American individuals

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23
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion

A

Anger was associated much more highly with strangers for the Japanese sample + with close relationships for Europeans and Americans.

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24
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion: Mascolo et al. (2003)

A

USA: “3-year-old Danny + mother putting together puzzle. Danny places a piece in its correct location. Immediately, says, “Oh! I did it!” Mother smiles and says, “You
did it!” Danny claps his hands, after mother applauds and says, “That’s great!”

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25
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion: Mascolo et al. (2003)

A

China: “Mother asks 3 year old Lin to sing song for guests.
smiles and exaggerated expressions, guests say, “Wonderful! You sing nicer than my child!” Mother replies, “she is O.K. kind of off the tune, though.” To Lin, “You did all right, but now you need more practice. Play down your
success!”

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26
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion: Mascolo et al. (2003)

A

US: take more pride in little achievement
China: exaggerate praise for other children. tell own children not to feel proud, they can do better. so they feel less proud and harmonize through self-effacement

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27
Q

The Social Construction of Emotion:

Mascolo et al. (2003)

A

US: exciting + adventure stories - more ideal
China: calm stories - ideal
children learn emotional restraint through socialization

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28
Q

Cultural Difference in Emotion Labels

A

some cultures have different/no words for basic emotions

Disgust: missing polish and chewong

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29
Q

Cultural Difference in Concepts of Emotion: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

Ps in U.S. + Eastern India
(Oriya) saw photos of several emotional facial expressions.
shame + embarrassment = lajya
schemas are driven by culture and language

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30
Q

Cultural Difference in Concepts of Emotion: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

But, came up with similar situations to describe expression as U.S. Ps did.
can cognitively differentiate betw shame + embarrassment despite not having diff words

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31
Q

Cultural Difference in Concepts of Emotion: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

Hyper-cognize: compartments (terms) for ideas, more elaborated schemas
more central to culture = more elaboration

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32
Q

Cultural Difference in Concepts of Emotion: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

Hypo-cognize: less constructs, networks, less words for intensity - concept not as elaborated

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33
Q

Cultural Difference in Concepts of Emotion: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

subtle influence - culture influences communication + categorization in our mind
differences in words, but not to say they can’t experience the diff shades of emotions

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34
Q

II. Aspects of Culture that Predict Differences in Emotion: Markus and Kitayama (1991)

A

individualism/collectivism continuum

Western cultures high on individualism: independence, uniqueness, own values, talk more about selves

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35
Q

II. Aspects of Culture that Predict Differences in Emotion: Markus and Kitayama (1991)

A

Most other cultures (South + East Asian) high on collectivism: value group, deference, harmony, social connection, value more interdependent emotions

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36
Q

II. Aspects of Culture that Predict Differences in Emotion: Markus and Kitayama (1991)

A

interdependence, talk more about family and friends

more important to show emotions that maintain group harmony

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37
Q

Singelis (1994) Measure of Independence + Interdependence Scale

A

My happiness depends on happiness of those around me.
I will sacrifice my self-interest for benefit of the group
It is important to me to respect decisions made by the group.

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38
Q

Singelis (1994) Measure of Independence + Interdependence Scale

A

comfortable with being singled out for praise or rewards able to take care of myself is a primary concern for me.
enjoy being unique + diff from others in many respects.

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39
Q

Individualism/Collectivism: Tsai, Simenova, and Watanabe (2004)

A

continuum of mindset - culture tells you what’s most appropriate way
Ps were Chinese American young adults
Some were more acculturated than others
depending on how acculturated, topics differed

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40
Q

Individualism/Collectivism

A

less acculturated => spoke more about social or collective topics (friends, family, getting advice)
culture you are a part of influences worldview more

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41
Q
  1. Individualism vs. Collectivism: Cohen and Gunz (2002)
A

NA + Asians described experiences from memory
NA described how they felt
Asians described how they thought people around them felt

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42
Q

Triandis, McCusker, and Hui (1990)

A

Chinese and American Ps completed the phrase “I am …” 20 times
Chinese Ps were 3 times more likely than Americans
to list group membership as part of their identity

43
Q

Triandis, McCusker, and Hui (1990)

A

Americans mainly listed things that made them
different from others…
Chinese participants listed similarities

44
Q

Hung, Morris, Chiu, & Benet-Martinez

2000

A

Ps describe behaviour of fish in front
Americans = leading
Chinese = being chased

45
Q

Hung, Morris, Chiu, & Benet-Martinez

2000

A

diff attribution of emotion experience of fish from diff interpretation of situation

46
Q

Self-Conscious Emotions?: Stipek (1998)

A

American + Chinese university students read several scenarios: rated pride, guilt, shame
P/P’s brother caught cheating
P/P’s child accepted to prestigious university

47
Q

Stipek (1998) - Cheating

A

chinese felt more guilt and shame overall

collectivistic: more shame and guilt on behalf of brother

48
Q

Stipek (1998) - Cheating

A

interdependent cultures see other ppl entangled with social relationships
independent: less shame and guilt when bro got busted

49
Q

Stipek (1998) - University

A

Americans equally proud if self/child was accepted
Chinese more proud if child was accepted
indicated more appropriate to feel pride for others’ accomplishments than own

50
Q

Stipek (1998) - University

A

for interdependent - activity of family members can lead to more self-conscious emotions even may be stronger than for self

51
Q

Imada & Ellsworth (2011): Appraisals?

A

American + Japanese Ps:

IV: Recalled (Study 1) or imagined (Study 2) personal success/failure situation

52
Q

Imada & Ellsworth (2011): Appraisals?

A

DVs: Reported agency appraisals + emotions (for success)
Americans had stronger self-agency emotions (pride)
Japanese had stronger situation-agency emotions (luck)

53
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Kitayama et al. (2004)

A

Interdependent cultures report more intense socially engaged emotions (friendliness, respect, guilt, shame…)
more about harmony, respect

54
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Kitayama et al. (2004)

A

Independent cultures report more intense socially disengaged emotions (pride, anger, frustration)

55
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Mequita (2001)

A

Ps recalled positive, offensive, and immoral experiences.
Collectivist cultures: More aware of how situations would be perceived by others; felt emotional meaning of situations was more obvious
more attuned to social pressures of situation

56
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism: Mequita (2001)

A

Individualistic cultures: Thought interpretations, feelings, and actions were personal, non obvious, and unlikely to be shared

57
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

Emotional situations are interpreted in-line with
cultural norms
Collectivistic cultures appraise situations in terms of
how the emotions affect the group

58
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

Individualistic cultures appraise situations in terms of
how the emotions impact their own internal
states/needs.

59
Q
  1. Power Distance: Vertical vs. Horizontal Societies: Matsumoto (1996)
A

Vertical societies emphasize social hierarchy; encourage
emotions/behaviours that reinforce status differences
Horizontal societies minimize attention to status
differences (egalitarianism)

60
Q
  1. Power Distance: Vertical vs. Horizontal Societies
A

emphasize emotions relative to power positions
show respect to older sibling, honour authority
appropriate for powerful ppl to express emotions

61
Q
  1. Power Distance: Vertical vs. Horizontal Societies
A

seldom acknowledge power differences
authority is limited to certain domains (cop)
ppl seldom talk about income - pretending to be egalitarian

62
Q

Power Distance: Vertical vs. Horizontal Societies

A

Rural Nepal: Brahman Hindu children higher status
than Tamang (Buddhist) children
Brahman children more likely to say they would feel
and express anger in many situations

63
Q

Power Distance: Vertical vs. Horizontal Societies

A

Tamang children said they almost never would feel
anger; instead, feel shame or “just okay”
Status could play a role, or Buddhist teachings to
maintain calm, balanced attitude

64
Q
  1. Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology
A

Epistemology = Theories about what it means to understand something
Linear epistemology = knowing involves understanding:
what is constant and unchanging about something

65
Q
  1. Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology
A

how it differs from other things: individual properties seperate from others
elements that makes up these things
what is true vs. false, right or wrong
western: linear

66
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

Dialectical epistemology emphasizes that true knowledge involves understanding: reality is changing
daoism, confucism

67
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

all things are interrelated

same proposition can be true and false, from different perspectives

68
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

no consistency or seperation
true from one angle and false from another angle
diff realities

69
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

Cultures with a linear epistemology are less likely to
experience mixed emotions.
positive and negative emotions are mutually exclusive - bipolar scale

70
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

Ps from dialectical East Asia (vs. linear America) are
more likely to report simultaneously feeling positive & negative emotions
monopolar scales and independent

71
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology

A

Japanese feel more mixed emotions than Americans in

pleasant situations but not in unpleasant or mixed situations

72
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology: Bicultural Study - Perunovic, Heller & Rafaeli (2007)

A

East Asian immigrants to Canada filled out questionnaire 3 times for 10 days
When with Canadians of European ancestry speaking English, positive + negative affect were inversely associated

73
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology: Bicultural Study

A

When with Asians speaking an Asian language, the inverse
association disappeared
when with asians - reverted to dialectical
interact with others in a way more culturally consistent

74
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology: Shiota et al. (2010)

A

Same-ethnicity Asian + European-American dating couples videotaped during structured conversations.
After every conversation, each person rated his/her emotions during the conversation.

75
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology: Shiota et al. (2010)

A

European Americans reported feeling either love or
corresponding negative emotion.
Asian Americans reported feeling love and negative
emotion at same time.

76
Q

Linear vs. Dialectical Epistemology: Shiota et al. (2010)

A

asian: positively correlated
EA: negatively correlated

77
Q

Mesquita and Karasawa (2002)

A

Asian participants more likely to use midpoint of scale when reporting feelings on scale from very pleasant to very unpleasant to account for feelings of both

78
Q

Mesquita and Karasawa (2002)

A

Americans reported high pleasant feelings much more
than high unpleasant feelings
inclined to respond with more pleasant part of bipolar scales
asians go in middle

79
Q
  1. Cultures of Honour
A

Cultures of honour (South American countries; American South and West) experience + react more angrily
+ violently to insults to honour

80
Q
  1. Cultures of Honour
A

ppl from south were more apt to respond to insult with higher levels of cortisone + testosterone
aggression to regain honour

81
Q
  1. Cultures of Honour
A

more dominant posturing and behaviour

ppl in cultures of honour who go right up to their face before moving out of the way

82
Q

Essay completion measure

A

party when Jill pulled Steve aside. “What’s wrong?” asked Steve
“Larry, knows that you and I are engaged, but he’s already made two passes at me tonight.”
Steve decided to keep his eye on Larry. Within five minutes, Larry was reaching over and trying to kiss Jill.

83
Q

Results

A

Little did Larry know that Steve was packing heat. Ol’

Steve went out to his car to get his Remington Semiautomatic that was the end of Larry.

84
Q

Results

A

Enjoying each other in an upstairs bedroom the two had nothing to worry about, until Psycho Steve came through the door with a meat cleaver and a .38. Larry got the meat cleaver in the chest seven times and once in the right thigh. Jill got two rounds from the .38 in her head.

85
Q

Results

A

“Hey Larry, I think you’ve had a little too much to drink, try to remember that Jill’s engaged. Larry told him not to worry, that he was just being friendly. Larry turned to walk away and muttered “prick” under his breath.

86
Q

Aggressiveness of Story Completions

A

when not insulted - no honour hurt northerner more aggressive
once insulted, aggression increases significantly
aggression is more appropriate once insulted in cultures of honour

87
Q

A. Paul Ekman (1972) Neuro-Cultural Theory of Emotion

A

Events may elicit particular appraisals/interpretations => an emotion
sequences are innate, embedded as program in brain
situation X interprets it, which lead to ….

88
Q

A. Paul Ekman (1972) Neuro-Cultural Theory of Emotion

A

emotion involves biological features like ANS

changes, cognitive biases, and facial expressions initiated by universal facial action programs

89
Q

Paul Ekman (1972) Neuro-Cultural Theory of Emotion

A

With effort, we can override expressions triggered by
biological facial action program.
actions that follow from experience of an emotion can vary from culture to culture

90
Q

Paul Ekman (1972) Neuro-Cultural Theory of Emotion

A

Display rules prominent part of the cultural system, helping to guide a consistent pattern of social interaction
actions from emotion changes, not in experience + physical reaction

91
Q

Paul Ekman (1972) Neuro-Cultural Theory of Emotion

A

cultural diff are automatic patterns
interpretation may be diff to same stimulus
but emotional hardware is still universal

92
Q

B. James Russell (1991) - Emotion

Episodes as Socially Constructed Scripts

A

Emotion sequences socially constructed scripts
Cultural scripts can differentially emphasize + change emotional components
Some combinations more common than others = universal recognition
practiced patterns of behaviour learned from environment

93
Q

B. James Russell (1991) - Emotion

Episodes as Socially Constructed Scripts

A

diff cultures emphasize diff things - perceived causes - supernatural elements, mental illness
similar problems we deal with in same ways
universality because of similar ways of reacting to similar situations

94
Q

C. Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt (1999) - Levels of Analysis

A

evolution vs. social construction conflicts occur because of confusion over levels of analysis
work together to impact emotional experience
Function at 4 levels of analysis:

95
Q

C. Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt (1999) - Levels of Analysis

A

Intra-individual level = emotions help individuals
survive/reproduce
small diff - fight or flight

96
Q

C. Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt (1999) - Levels of Analysis

A

Dyadic level = emotions help two people form/maintain
mutually beneficial relationship (nurturing love)
doesn’t seem to show much cultural diff
a lot of innate natural emotional phenomenons
oxytocin - nurture

97
Q

C. Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt (1999) - Levels of Analysis

A

Small groups = emotions help negotiate social roles

diff in power structures, how emotions are used

98
Q

Keltner and Haidt (1999)’s Levels of Analysis: Evolution or Social Construction?

A

Level of the culture = teaching society’s values
large cultural diff
stories to teach values

99
Q

Keltner and Haidt (1999)’s Levels of Analysis: Evolution or Social Construction?

A

first two levels more evolution
last two more culture - allow more room for variation
discourage emotions that break down group
genders are diff encouraged in emotions to maintain roles

100
Q

Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches Summary

A

Appraisal => Emotional experience
Emotional experience/physiology => Behaviour
Frequency of various appraisals differs by culture

101
Q

Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches Summary

A

nervous system changes - less likely for behaviour
Behaviour is under conscious control, so there should
be more cultural rules regarding emotional responses

102
Q

Cultural Influences on Emotion Summary

A

Aspects of culture are socially constructed (hyper +
hypo-cognized emotions)
Cultural differences involve different emotion processes
(appraisals/expressions)

103
Q

Cultural Influences on Emotion Summary

A

Aspects of culture predict differences in emotion (power distance, epistemology, collectivism)
Keltner & Haidt’s levels of analysis integrates evolutionary
and cultural approaches

104
Q

Cultural Influences on Emotion Summary

A

language tells us which emotions are more important

yes at culture and group level its more social constructionist

PSY331 (11 decks)

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