PSY331 - 7. Group Processes Flashcards
Group-Based Emotions
Members of social groups have more similar concerns
similar goals - interpret environment as pertinent to our goals
Group-Based Emotions
Making more similar appraisals => similar emotions
Experiencing more similar emotions (Smith, 1993)
Group-Based Emotions
collective emotions: synchronize on emotional experience
we change emotions together - similar feelings
A. “Collective Emotions”
Totterdell (2000) - Assessed the mood of members of two professional sports teams 3 times a day for 4 days during a match
controlled for match situations
A. “Collective Emotions”
Individual players’ moods were more closely associated with the average current mood of their group than:
the mood of the other groups
average mood of their group at other times
A. “Collective Emotions”
group feels positive then ppl on avg feel positive
collective emotional experience at the time
group influences indiv emotional experience
could be a function of emotional contagion
B. Emotional Contagion
During face-to-face interaction: “Mimic + synchronize expression, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person and, consequently, to converge emotionally”
transmission doesn’t have to be intentional
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
Ps thought they would be interviewing another P
(confederate) in a learning session.
confederate described one of the happiest & saddest events in his life:
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
Happy = surprise birthday party his friends had
arranged for him. voice, facial expressions + gestures conveyed intense happiness
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
Sad = experience he had at his grandfather’s
funeral when he was six. His facial expressions,
tone, and gestures conveyed intense sadness.
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
DV1: Judges rated the Ps’ facial expressions of emotion as they watched the interview.
DV2: Ps reported how they were feeling when watching the confederate’s happy/sad interview
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
confederate’s facial expressions strongly influenced P’s feelings
pick up emotions of others
in groups - emotional synchrony can have important functions for us
Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob
1990
filliative function: liking each other more
building up relationships
distancing function: keep groups away from each other
C. Functions of Group Emotions
1. Intragroup Relations
Affiliation: Bonding;
Sharpens group boundaries and group identity - when groups bond, we identify more with our group
C. Functions of Group Emotions
1. Intragroup Relations
informative function: Info about group environment/structure, function
helps us achieve our goals together
better group dynamics
C. Functions of Group Emotions
1. Intragroup Relations
Shared positive emotion => Cooperation & reduced conflict
Anger => collective action, resolving issues
more conflict
can lead to more affiliation
Functions of Group Emotions
2. Intergroup Relations
Shame & guilt on behalf of our groups
Group-based guilt correlated with empathy + motivation to make amends
Functions of Group Emotions
2. Intergroup Relations
Group-based shame associated with distancing the self
from shameful act
shame and guilt - feel like we have to reconcile situation
Functions of Group Emotions
2. Intergroup Relations
emotions on behalf of group - increase bonds with whoever we wronged
group guilt is less eliciting of action than sympathy
shame works in same way as indiv shame
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
Israelis were asked about their group.:
Actual: “Think about us as Israelis. In your opinion,
which attributes do Israelis actually possess?”
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
Ideal: “Think about the ideal Israeli, attributes you wish and hope the ideal Israeli would possess”
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
Ought: “Think about the ought Israeli. which attributes should Israelis possess, considering Israelis’ responsibilities and duties?
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
DV: Psychological Distress
Actual-Ideal discrepancies => feelings of dejection (sadness, disappointment, hopelessness…)
would feel shame or sadness - upsetting to think we’re not living to own standards
feel like ppl are gonna disapprove of you if you don’t live up
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
DV: Psychological Distress
Actual-Ought discrepancies => feelings of agitation
(tension, nervousness, apprehension…)
feel anxious, worried
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)
DV: Psychological Distress
self processes occur in group behaviour
applying self conscious emotions at group level
Group-Based Emotions
Feeling an emotion on behalf of a group requires
awareness of eliciting stimulus + explicit sense of identification with the group
Group-Based Emotions
if we don’t care about group, we’re not gonna care about what the group cares about
Automatic emotional contagion does not require this
Group-Based Emotions
group based emotions can only be understood when we know what’s happening in the group
Intergroup Relations: Affiliation
Shared contempt for an out-group can bring an ingroup
together (9/11), makes our group feel stronger and more connected
contemptuous feeling toward another group leads to prosocial inner group affiliation
Intergroup Relations
= affiliation for own group
= social distancing from threatening group
Social distancing function => Prejudice
Intergroup Relations
more we feel diff, more we feel affiliation toward own group
ones most similar hate each other the most to feel unique
so much so they start to manufacture differences
II. Emotions and Prejudice Models
prejudice: attitudes/evaluations
tripartite model
cognition - beliefs, learn stereotypes, endorse it, then hate them because of stereotype
consensus for years
II. Emotions and Prejudice Models
behaviour - look at interactions and behaviour toward them
if you only fight with them - must hate them
affect - emotions, arousal level
=Attitudes/Evaluations
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
Symbolic beliefs, not stereotypes => negative attitudes
asked about stereotypes, feelings toward natives, homos, british canadians
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
emotional reactions toward group
please list stereotypes
symbolic beliefs: values, customs, traditions you have that they don’t have
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
stereotypes didn’t predict anything
not guiding principle toward prejudice
if they have diff values and customs then we hate them