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PSY331 - 7. Group Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

Members of social groups have more similar concerns

similar goals - interpret environment as pertinent to our goals

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2
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

Making more similar appraisals => similar emotions

Experiencing more similar emotions (Smith, 1993)

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3
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

collective emotions: synchronize on emotional experience

we change emotions together - similar feelings

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4
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

Totterdell (2000) - Assessed the mood of members of two professional sports teams 3 times a day for 4 days during a match
controlled for match situations

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5
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

Individual players’ moods were more closely associated with the average current mood of their group than:
the mood of the other groups
average mood of their group at other times

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6
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

group feels positive then ppl on avg feel positive
collective emotional experience at the time
group influences indiv emotional experience
could be a function of emotional contagion

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7
Q

B. Emotional Contagion

A

During face-to-face interaction: “Mimic + synchronize expression, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person and, consequently, to converge emotionally”
transmission doesn’t have to be intentional

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8
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Ps thought they would be interviewing another P
(confederate) in a learning session.
confederate described one of the happiest & saddest events in his life:

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9
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Happy = surprise birthday party his friends had

arranged for him. voice, facial expressions + gestures conveyed intense happiness

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10
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Sad = experience he had at his grandfather’s
funeral when he was six. His facial expressions,
tone, and gestures conveyed intense sadness.

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11
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

DV1: Judges rated the Ps’ facial expressions of emotion as they watched the interview.
DV2: Ps reported how they were feeling when watching the confederate’s happy/sad interview

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12
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

confederate’s facial expressions strongly influenced P’s feelings
pick up emotions of others
in groups - emotional synchrony can have important functions for us

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13
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

filliative function: liking each other more
building up relationships
distancing function: keep groups away from each other

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14
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

Affiliation: …Bonding;

Sharpens group boundaries and group identity - when groups bond, we identify more with our group

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15
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

…informative function: Info about group environment/structure, function
helps us achieve our goals together
better group dynamics

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16
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

Shared positive emotion => Cooperation & reduced conflict
Anger => collective action, resolving issues
more conflict
can lead to more affiliation

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17
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

Shame & guilt on behalf of our groups™

Group-based guilt correlated with empathy + motivation to make amends ™

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18
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

Group-based shame associated with distancing the self
from shameful act
shame and guilt - feel like we have to reconcile situation

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19
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

emotions on behalf of group - increase bonds with whoever we wronged
group guilt is less eliciting of action than sympathy
shame works in same way as indiv shame

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20
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Israelis were asked about their group.:
…Actual: “Think about us as Israelis. In your opinion,
which attributes do Israelis actually possess?”

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21
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Ideal: “Think about the ideal Israeli, attributes you wish and hope the ideal Israeli would possess”

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22
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Ought: “Think about the ought Israeli. which attributes should Israelis possess, considering Israelis’ responsibilities and duties?

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23
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

DV: Psychological Distress

A

Actual-Ideal discrepancies => feelings of dejection (sadness, disappointment, hopelessness…)
would feel shame or sadness - upsetting to think we’re not living to own standards
feel like ppl are gonna disapprove of you if you don’t live up

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24
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

DV: Psychological Distress

A

Actual-Ought discrepancies => feelings of agitation
(tension, nervousness, apprehension…)
feel anxious, worried

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25
Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001) | DV: Psychological Distress
self processes occur in group behaviour | applying self conscious emotions at group level
26
Group-Based Emotions
Feeling an emotion on behalf of a group requires | awareness of eliciting stimulus + explicit sense of identification with the group
27
Group-Based Emotions
if we don’t care about group, we’re not gonna care about what the group cares about Automatic emotional contagion does not require this
28
Group-Based Emotions
group based emotions can only be understood when we know what’s happening in the group
29
Intergroup Relations: Affiliation
Shared contempt for an out-group can bring an ingroup together (9/11), makes our group feel stronger and more connected contemptuous feeling toward another group leads to prosocial inner group affiliation
30
Intergroup Relations
= affiliation for own group = social distancing from threatening group Social distancing function => Prejudice
31
Intergroup Relations
more we feel diff, more we feel affiliation toward own group ones most similar hate each other the most to feel unique so much so they start to manufacture differences
32
II. Emotions and Prejudice Models
prejudice: attitudes/evaluations tripartite model cognition - beliefs, learn stereotypes, endorse it, then hate them because of stereotype consensus for years
33
II. Emotions and Prejudice Models
behaviour - look at interactions and behaviour toward them if you only fight with them - must hate them affect - emotions, arousal level =Attitudes/Evaluations
34
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
Symbolic beliefs, not stereotypes => negative attitudes | asked about stereotypes, feelings toward natives, homos, british canadians
35
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
emotional reactions toward group please list stereotypes symbolic beliefs: values, customs, traditions you have that they don’t have
36
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
stereotypes didn’t predict anything not guiding principle toward prejudice if they have diff values and customs then we hate them
37
Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)
Emotional reactions => positive attitudes | affect predicted positive attitudes
38
Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion | account
Prejudice comes from emotions triggered by appraisals | of intergroup situation
39
Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion | account
before: group label => cognitions (stereotype) => affect => judgements now: appraisals as cognition instead of stereotype that lead to the affect
40
Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion | account
appraisals is not just content of stereotype, but we’re using that content to make appraisals independent factors
41
Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion | account
Stereotypes => appraisals of out-group Appraisals => distinct emotions & corresponding action tendencies
42
Stereotype Content Model (SCM) | Fiske et al. (2002)
Stereotype content organized into 2 dimensions: ™lead to diff affective space competence & warmth
43
Stereotype Content Model
Status => competence | Competitiveness => warmth
44
Stereotype Content Model
warm not competent - pity - prosocial | cold + not competent - contempt - antisocial
45
Stereotype Content Model
cold + competent - malicious envy | warm + competent - admiring envy - wanting contact - groups we want to get into
46
Stereotype Content Model
warmth leads to approach/cold leads to avoid | competency leads to different emotion profiles
47
Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)
Self-categorization & appraisal theories Tajfel’s social identity theory - maximize social & personal self-esteem want to be part of best group because it increases personal self-esteem
48
Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)
Social identities salient => perceive ourselves as group members, characterized by group’s attributes thinking about group we’re a part of, changes our emotions
49
Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)
when we’re only member of group present, it becomes salient | emotions change depending whether we see ourselves as indiv or part of group
50
Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)
level of importance to self identity changes influence of groupieness on appraisals Behaviours guided by group membership
51
Intergroup Emotions Theory
Appraisal theories: Self-involved in emotion-eliciting situation to experience emotion IET: When social identities salient, appraisal theories of emotion apply at group level
52
Intergroup Emotions Theory
™IET: prejudice Appraisals => Specific emotion => Specific behaviours Independent of stereotype content
53
Intergroup Emotions Theory
left country of origin - something happens back at home, just ‘cause you’re not there, doesn’t mean you don’t feel emotions toward it appraisal of how it affects group that leads to the emotion
54
Intergroup Emotions Theory
Neuberg + Cottrell (2002)’s socio-functional approach: 1. Emotions help attain evolutionary survival & reproduction motives; interference = threat social animals - we need groups to survive + reproduce makes us attuned more to threats
55
Intergroup Emotions Theory
2. Cooperative groups => achieve motives | Group threats => appraisals => emotions & action tendencies
56
Intergroup Emotions Theory
threats in particular to group leads to appraisals both consider parts of self is social both explain appraisals lead to emotions and action
57
Emotions and Prejudice: Appraisals
diff threats lead to diff emotions then diff actions with diff adaptive outcomes obstacles to outcomes - anger -> aggression => adaptive outcome (removal of obstacle)
58
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
Intergroup contact frequently enhances prejudice | ™when pushing ppl together from diff group leads to more prejudice
59
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
physiological and cognitive disruptions (anxiety) when there’s intergroup contact worried about being insensitive, group may dislike you interacting with them, don’t know what to expect
60
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
negative episodic integral affect, affective state experienced in intergroup situation overall feeling of negative affect during the interaction anxiety affects signals we give to other ppl
61
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
Shelton, West, & Trail (2010) – anxiety “leaked out” roommates either same or diff ethnicity: do you care that you look prejudiced pairs completed measures of anxiety + roommate’s anxiety for 15 days among interracial pairs, concerns about prejudice increased
62
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
concerned about appearing prejudiced as time passed, after 15 days, roommates could tell the other was really anxious - anxiety in interactions which led to less liking of each other
63
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
those that didn’t wanna appear prejudice are the ones that ended up disliked can lead to aggressive behaviour or can overcompensate and look dishonest and leads to mistrust
64
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
Gray, Mendes, & Denny-Brown (2008) – in-group advantage in detecting intergroup anxiety white/black Ps to conduct stressful activity in front of other ppl either in front of same race or other race
65
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
taped: doesn’t show situation - either same race or diff race watched more anxious when diff race watching ppl of same race can tell Ps were anxious they looked anxious and were actually anxious
66
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
Mood-as-information process? - †misattribution of anxiety not taking responsibility leads to more dislike Experiencing positive episodic integral affect -direct conditioning -inclusive categorization
67
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
have more positive experiences | positive mood - more broad representation of things/people
68
Intergroup Contact and Emotions
change groups outline to be more inclusive - my group is now humans or students not everyone believes this
69
III. Target of Prejudice
is it always negative? what leads to negative?
70
“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)
“Deserved” prejudice/discrimination => Self-directed emotions (sadness, shame) if we think we deserve it, it feels a lot worse weight - believe it’s under our own control
71
“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)
Others responsible=> Other-directed emotions (anger, resentment) not deserved - more hostility
72
“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)
Overweight + normal weight female Ps “Development of dating relationships” study in pairs Background info form included weight/height
73
Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)
Social feedback (/5) from male partner: ™Like? Movies? Dinner? Dating relationship? IV: positive (5, 5, 4.5, 4)/negative (3, 3, 2, 1) DVs: Causal attributions for feedback & mood
74
Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)
negative feedback for overweight W saying he rejected me because of my weight not blaming him saying he’s a terrible person not because of personality
75
Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)
he must be concerned with appearance | going straight to prejudice and feel like it’s self deserved => shame and sadness
76
Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)
makes them feel terrible about themselves suffering - negative self-emotions with positive feedback don’t see any of differences between overweight + normal
77
Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)
does seeing them as prejudiced buffer negative self-emotions? denied admission to course + friend says prof was
78
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
a) Prejudice - sexist (prejudice condition - only other sex allowed) b) Personal rejection - “thought they were stupid” - everyone else got in)
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Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
c) Everyone rejected - “real jerk” - no one was allowed ™exclusively external cause DVs: attribution + emotional experience not mutually exclusive - can have more than one attribution
80
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
discrimination: sexist - prejudiced condition* | self-blame: my fault, deserved, ownership - personal, less prejudice
81
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
internality: who i am, because of something about me, not necessarily deserving - personal highest bar, everyone rejected had lowest
82
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
externality: his personality - prejudice had highest level, think he’s prejudiced *when not deserved you think it’s about the person personal rejection feels the most dejected
83
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
undeserved rejection: not sad about it more hostility | people buffer feelings when they think it’s about other person
84
Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)
sad when someone rejects you because of who you are | anxiety is from fear of prejudice
85
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003): Pervasiveness
Female Ps received negative feedback about mock interview performance ¾ - 2 discrimination conditions (biased against women)
86
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003): Pervasiveness
Rare discrimination – other 19 evaluators not biased ™Pervasive discrimination – all 20 evaluators biased against women
87
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003): Pervasiveness
how pervasive we think prejudice it | is it one person or everyone + we’ll encounter it over and over again
88
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003) Results
¾ Evaluator’s disposition – external, not discrimination | disposition: all were rejected
89
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003) Results
rare: not making you feel sad | group based self esteem is fine
90
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003) Results
only happening in pervasive sexism - leads to upset feelings, feeling dejected opinion on group is going down
91
Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes | (2003) Results
we can buffer hit on emotional well being unless opinions of prejudice are pervasive or deserved

PSY331 (11 decks)

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