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PSY331 > PSY331 - 7. Group Processes > Flashcards

PSY331 - 7. Group Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

Members of social groups have more similar concerns

similar goals - interpret environment as pertinent to our goals

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2
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

Making more similar appraisals => similar emotions

Experiencing more similar emotions (Smith, 1993)

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3
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

collective emotions: synchronize on emotional experience

we change emotions together - similar feelings

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4
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

Totterdell (2000) - Assessed the mood of members of two professional sports teams 3 times a day for 4 days during a match
controlled for match situations

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5
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

Individual players’ moods were more closely associated with the average current mood of their group than:
the mood of the other groups
average mood of their group at other times

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6
Q

A. “Collective Emotions”

A

group feels positive then ppl on avg feel positive
collective emotional experience at the time
group influences indiv emotional experience
could be a function of emotional contagion

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7
Q

B. Emotional Contagion

A

During face-to-face interaction: “Mimic + synchronize expression, vocalizations, postures, and movements with those of another person and, consequently, to converge emotionally”
transmission doesn’t have to be intentional

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8
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Ps thought they would be interviewing another P
(confederate) in a learning session.
confederate described one of the happiest & saddest events in his life:

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9
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Happy = surprise birthday party his friends had

arranged for him. voice, facial expressions + gestures conveyed intense happiness

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10
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

Sad = experience he had at his grandfather’s
funeral when he was six. His facial expressions,
tone, and gestures conveyed intense sadness.

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11
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

DV1: Judges rated the Ps’ facial expressions of emotion as they watched the interview.
DV2: Ps reported how they were feeling when watching the confederate’s happy/sad interview

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12
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

confederate’s facial expressions strongly influenced P’s feelings
pick up emotions of others
in groups - emotional synchrony can have important functions for us

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13
Q

Hsee, Hatfield, Carslon, and Chemtob

1990

A

filliative function: liking each other more
building up relationships
distancing function: keep groups away from each other

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14
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

Affiliation: …Bonding;

Sharpens group boundaries and group identity - when groups bond, we identify more with our group

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15
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

…informative function: Info about group environment/structure, function
helps us achieve our goals together
better group dynamics

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16
Q

C. Functions of Group Emotions

1. Intragroup Relations

A

Shared positive emotion => Cooperation & reduced conflict
Anger => collective action, resolving issues
more conflict
can lead to more affiliation

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17
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

Shame & guilt on behalf of our groups™

Group-based guilt correlated with empathy + motivation to make amends ™

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18
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

Group-based shame associated with distancing the self
from shameful act
shame and guilt - feel like we have to reconcile situation

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19
Q

Functions of Group Emotions

2. Intergroup Relations

A

emotions on behalf of group - increase bonds with whoever we wronged
group guilt is less eliciting of action than sympathy
shame works in same way as indiv shame

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20
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Israelis were asked about their group.:
…Actual: “Think about us as Israelis. In your opinion,
which attributes do Israelis actually possess?”

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21
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Ideal: “Think about the ideal Israeli, attributes you wish and hope the ideal Israeli would possess”

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22
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

A

Ought: “Think about the ought Israeli. which attributes should Israelis possess, considering Israelis’ responsibilities and duties?

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23
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

DV: Psychological Distress

A

Actual-Ideal discrepancies => feelings of dejection (sadness, disappointment, hopelessness…)
would feel shame or sadness - upsetting to think we’re not living to own standards
feel like ppl are gonna disapprove of you if you don’t live up

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24
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

DV: Psychological Distress

A

Actual-Ought discrepancies => feelings of agitation
(tension, nervousness, apprehension…)
feel anxious, worried

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25
Q

Bizman, Yinon, and Krotman (2001)

DV: Psychological Distress

A

self processes occur in group behaviour

applying self conscious emotions at group level

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26
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

Feeling an emotion on behalf of a group requires

awareness of eliciting stimulus + explicit sense of identification with the group

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27
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

if we don’t care about group, we’re not gonna care about what the group cares about
Automatic emotional contagion does not require this

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28
Q

Group-Based Emotions

A

group based emotions can only be understood when we know what’s happening in the group

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29
Q

Intergroup Relations: Affiliation

A

Shared contempt for an out-group can bring an ingroup
together (9/11), makes our group feel stronger and more connected
contemptuous feeling toward another group leads to prosocial inner group affiliation

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30
Q

Intergroup Relations

A

= affiliation for own group
= social distancing from threatening group
Social distancing function => Prejudice

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31
Q

Intergroup Relations

A

more we feel diff, more we feel affiliation toward own group
ones most similar hate each other the most to feel unique
so much so they start to manufacture differences

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32
Q

II. Emotions and Prejudice Models

A

prejudice: attitudes/evaluations
tripartite model
cognition - beliefs, learn stereotypes, endorse it, then hate them because of stereotype
consensus for years

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33
Q

II. Emotions and Prejudice Models

A

behaviour - look at interactions and behaviour toward them
if you only fight with them - must hate them
affect - emotions, arousal level
=Attitudes/Evaluations

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34
Q

Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)

A

Symbolic beliefs, not stereotypes => negative attitudes

asked about stereotypes, feelings toward natives, homos, british canadians

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35
Q

Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)

A

emotional reactions toward group
please list stereotypes
symbolic beliefs: values, customs, traditions you have that they don’t have

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36
Q

Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)

A

stereotypes didn’t predict anything
not guiding principle toward prejudice
if they have diff values and customs then we hate them

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37
Q

Esses, Haddock, and Zanna (1993)

A

Emotional reactions => positive attitudes

affect predicted positive attitudes

38
Q

Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion

account

A

Prejudice comes from emotions triggered by appraisals

of intergroup situation

39
Q

Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion

account

A

before: group label => cognitions (stereotype) => affect => judgements
now: appraisals as cognition instead of stereotype that lead to the affect

40
Q

Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion

account

A

appraisals is not just content of stereotype, but we’re using that content to make appraisals
independent factors

41
Q

Smith’s (1993) prejudice-as-socialemotion

account

A

Stereotypes => appraisals of out-group
Appraisals => distinct emotions & corresponding action
tendencies

42
Q

Stereotype Content Model (SCM)

Fiske et al. (2002)

A

Stereotype content organized into 2 dimensions:
™lead to diff affective space
competence & warmth

43
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

Status => competence

Competitiveness => warmth

44
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

warm not competent - pity - prosocial

cold + not competent - contempt - antisocial

45
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

cold + competent - malicious envy

warm + competent - admiring envy - wanting contact - groups we want to get into

46
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

warmth leads to approach/cold leads to avoid

competency leads to different emotion profiles

47
Q

Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)

A

Self-categorization & appraisal theories
Tajfel’s social identity theory - maximize social & personal
self-esteem
want to be part of best group because it increases personal self-esteem

48
Q

Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)

A

Social identities salient => perceive ourselves as group members, characterized by group’s attributes
thinking about group we’re a part of, changes our emotions

49
Q

Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)

A

when we’re only member of group present, it becomes salient

emotions change depending whether we see ourselves as indiv or part of group

50
Q

Smith’s Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET)

A

level of importance to self identity changes influence of groupieness on appraisals
Behaviours guided by group membership

51
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A

Appraisal theories: Self-involved in emotion-eliciting
situation to experience emotion
IET: When social identities salient, appraisal theories
of emotion apply at group level

52
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A

™IET: prejudice
Appraisals => Specific emotion => Specific behaviours
Independent of stereotype content

53
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A

left country of origin - something happens back at home, just ‘cause you’re not there, doesn’t mean you don’t feel emotions toward it
appraisal of how it affects group that leads to the emotion

54
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A

Neuberg + Cottrell (2002)’s socio-functional approach:
1. Emotions help attain evolutionary survival & reproduction motives; interference = threat
social animals - we need groups to survive + reproduce
makes us attuned more to threats

55
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A
  1. Cooperative groups => achieve motives

Group threats => appraisals => emotions & action tendencies

56
Q

Intergroup Emotions Theory

A

threats in particular to group leads to appraisals
both consider parts of self is social
both explain appraisals lead to emotions and action

57
Q

Emotions and Prejudice: Appraisals

A

diff threats lead to diff emotions then diff actions with diff adaptive outcomes
obstacles to outcomes - anger -> aggression => adaptive outcome (removal of obstacle)

58
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

Intergroup contact frequently enhances prejudice

™when pushing ppl together from diff group leads to more prejudice

59
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

physiological and cognitive disruptions (anxiety) when there’s intergroup contact
worried about being insensitive, group may dislike you interacting with them, don’t know what to expect

60
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

negative episodic integral affect, affective state experienced in intergroup situation
overall feeling of negative affect during the interaction
anxiety affects signals we give to other ppl

61
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

Shelton, West, & Trail (2010) – anxiety “leaked out”
roommates either same or diff ethnicity: do you care that you look prejudiced
pairs completed measures of anxiety + roommate’s anxiety for 15 days
among interracial pairs, concerns about prejudice increased

62
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

concerned about appearing prejudiced
as time passed, after 15 days, roommates could tell the other was really anxious - anxiety in interactions which led to less liking of each other

63
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

those that didn’t wanna appear prejudice are the ones that ended up disliked
can lead to aggressive behaviour or can overcompensate and look dishonest and leads to mistrust

64
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

Gray, Mendes, & Denny-Brown (2008) – in-group advantage in detecting intergroup anxiety
white/black Ps to conduct stressful activity in front of other ppl either in front of same race or other race

65
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

taped: doesn’t show situation - either same race or diff race watched
more anxious when diff race watching
ppl of same race can tell Ps were anxious
they looked anxious and were actually anxious

66
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

Mood-as-information process? - †misattribution of anxiety
not taking responsibility leads to more dislike
Experiencing positive episodic integral affect
-direct conditioning
-inclusive categorization

67
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

have more positive experiences

positive mood - more broad representation of things/people

68
Q

Intergroup Contact and Emotions

A

change groups outline to be more inclusive - my group is now humans or students
not everyone believes this

69
Q

III. Target of Prejudice

A

is it always negative? what leads to negative?

70
Q

“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)

A

“Deserved” prejudice/discrimination => Self-directed emotions (sadness, shame)
if we think we deserve it, it feels a lot worse
weight - believe it’s under our own control

71
Q

“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)

A

Others responsible=> Other-directed emotions (anger, resentment)
not deserved - more hostility

72
Q

“Deserved” Prejudice (Major et al.)

A

Overweight + normal weight female Ps
“Development of dating relationships” study in pairs
Background info form included weight/height

73
Q

Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)

A

Social feedback (/5) from male partner: ™Like? Movies? Dinner? Dating relationship?
IV: positive (5, 5, 4.5, 4)/negative (3, 3, 2, 1)
DVs: Causal attributions for feedback & mood

74
Q

Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)

A

negative feedback for overweight
W saying he rejected me because of my weight
not blaming him saying he’s a terrible person
not because of personality

75
Q

Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)

A

he must be concerned with appearance

going straight to prejudice and feel like it’s self deserved => shame and sadness

76
Q

Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)

A

makes them feel terrible about themselves
suffering - negative self-emotions
with positive feedback
don’t see any of differences between overweight + normal

77
Q

Crocker, Cornwell, and Major (1993)

A

does seeing them as prejudiced buffer negative self-emotions?
denied admission to course + friend says prof was

78
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

a) Prejudice - sexist (prejudice condition - only other sex allowed)
b) Personal rejection - “thought they were stupid” - everyone else got in)

79
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

c) Everyone rejected - “real jerk” - no one was allowed
™exclusively external cause
DVs: attribution + emotional experience
not mutually exclusive - can have more than one attribution

80
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

discrimination: sexist - prejudiced condition*

self-blame: my fault, deserved, ownership - personal, less prejudice

81
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

internality: who i am, because of something about me, not necessarily deserving - personal highest bar, everyone rejected had lowest

82
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

externality: his personality - prejudice had highest level, think he’s prejudiced
*when not deserved you think it’s about the person
personal rejection feels the most dejected

83
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

undeserved rejection: not sad about it more hostility

people buffer feelings when they think it’s about other person

84
Q

Major, Kaiser, and McCoy (2003)

A

sad when someone rejects you because of who you are

anxiety is from fear of prejudice

85
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003): Pervasiveness

A

Female Ps received negative feedback about mock
interview performance
¾ - 2 discrimination conditions (biased against women)

86
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003): Pervasiveness

A

Rare discrimination – other 19 evaluators not biased
™Pervasive discrimination – all 20 evaluators biased against
women

87
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003): Pervasiveness

A

how pervasive we think prejudice it

is it one person or everyone + we’ll encounter it over and over again

88
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003) Results

A

¾ Evaluator’s disposition – external, not discrimination

disposition: all were rejected

89
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003) Results

A

rare: not making you feel sad

group based self esteem is fine

90
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003) Results

A

only happening in pervasive sexism - leads to upset feelings, feeling dejected
opinion on group is going down

91
Q

Schmitt, Branscombe, and Postmes

(2003) Results

A

we can buffer hit on emotional well being unless opinions of prejudice are pervasive or deserved

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