PSY331 - 4. Self-Conscious Emotions

Question 1

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 1

Involve complex cognitive processes:

1. internalize standards, rules, + goals (1-2 years old)

Question 2

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 2

2. Evaluation (success vs. failure)
   won’t understand until 3 that they should feel shame
   when they fail at something easy and proud when they succeed at something hard

Question 3

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 3

3. Attribution to self (global vs. specific): is this something i did in this 1 moment or is this part of who I am
   combo of evaluation and attribution leads to self-conscious emotions

Question 4

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 4

kids need audience for pride and shame, but as they get older, they internalize these feelings
basic emotions happen to us
self conscious: we are agent, actor is also target of emotion

Question 5

What are Self-Conscious Emotions?

Answer 5

emotions can take over - linger
more variability - found in subordinate level
can make us work harder, feedback on accountability + worth
moral emotions

Question 6

Self-Evaluation Emotions

Answer 6

Self-evaluation emotions involve self-evaluation based
on personal standards, rules, and goals (Lewis, 1992).
guilt is about specific action

Question 7

Self-Evaluation Emotions

Answer 7

shame is about you as a person - you in every moment

huburus: narcissism - tends to end up in anti-social behaviour
guilt: want to change behaviour

Question 8

Reinforce Moral Action?

Answer 8

specific attributions: change to be more moral or maintain moral behaviour
randomly picked who did well: elicit pride

Question 9

Reinforce Moral Action?

Answer 9

same task in group: proud - more helpful, worked hard, acted nicely
feels good to feel pride, so we work hard consistently
interdependent cultures more likely to endorse shame (global attributions)

Question 10

Reinforce Moral Action?

Answer 10

narcicistic: not grounded self esteem

volatile - aggress when superiority is questioned

Question 11

Pride or Hubris?

Answer 11

hard to tell diff based on expressions
lifting chin, take up a lot of room
powerful position - linked with power

Question 12

Pride or Hubris?

Answer 12

often ppl hide pride so ppl don’t think they are huburistic

Zammuner: felt proud but don’t communicate because they don’t wanna seem arrogant

Question 13

B. Guilt, Shame, and Embarrassment

Answer 13

No unique causal situations…
embarassement: loss of physical control
failure to meet norms

Question 14

B. Guilt, Shame, and Embarrassment

Answer 14

agent and victim
internal standard
same brain activation
more gender, whites diff in shame/guilt

Question 15

B. Guilt, Shame, and Embarrassment

Answer 15

Embarrassment: Poor performance
Physical clumsiness
A cognitive error

Question 16

Keltner and Buswell (1996)

Answer 16

Inappropriate physical appearance
Failure of privacy
Being teased or center of attention

Question 17

Keltner and Buswell (1996)

Answer 17

Shame: Poor performance
Hurting someone’s feelings
Lying
Failure to meet own/other’s expectations

Question 18

Keltner and Buswell (1996)

Answer 18

Guilt: Failure to perform duties
Hurting someone’s feelings
Lying, cheating, stealing
Neglecting friend/loved one
Infidelity to a romantic partner
Breaking a diet

Question 19

Keltner and Buswell (1996)

Answer 19

same antecedents, but no consistent differentiation
lots of overlap
nothing moral in embarrassment
shame is proscriptions: things you aren’t supposed to do
prescription: things you are supposed to do/be
guilt: not living up to prescriptions

Question 20

Guilt, Shame, or Embarrassment?

Answer 20

Ps rated emotional experience on how intense, long

lasting, and expected? (Tagney et al., 1996)

Question 21

Guilt/Shame

Answer 21

Violated moral standard 
More responsible for event
Others were angry at them
Situation was serious, not funny As funny as serious
more intense, long lasting and expected
feelings build up slowly

Question 22

Embarrassment

Answer 22

Did not do anything morally wrong
Less responsible for event
Others were looking at them, feeling amused
enough differences to seperate embarrassment

Question 23

Guilt vs. Shame

Answer 23

Guilt + shame are self-punishing emotions
rumination + mental undoing
opposite of pride: do not look at me - frowning, hunched
audience intensifies

Question 24

Guilt vs. Shame: Niedenthal et al. (1994)

Answer 24

IV: thought of/read guilt or shame provoking scenarios
DV: listed three counterfactuals - thinking about how other action would’ve resulted (regret)

Question 25

Guilt vs. Shame

Answer 25

Guilt situations - wish to reverse behaviour - i wish i hadn’t done x Shame situations - wish to be something else - i wish i wasn’t so stupid

Question 26

Guilt vs. Shame: | Experiencing Feelings

Answer 26

``` expressions are fairly identical feel smaller shame - global, hard to fix guilt - bad, but not worse than shame leads to feelings of remorse - wanting to right the situation ```

Question 27

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 27

Guilt: Confess, apologize, undo Approach; attraction Leads to empathy: Perspective-taking - prosocial aspect better social relationship

Question 28

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 28

Self-blame, taking responsibility for transgressions: Unrelated to anger & aggression make them love you again

Question 29

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 29

No real consensus on relationship to psychopathology except survivors guilt - can’t fix it chronically self blaming - not really at fault but it doesn’t lead to depression or ptsd more moral and adaptive response generally than shame

Question 30

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 30

Shame: Deny, hide, or escape - defence mechanisms or else we can’t get out of bed Social distancing: we need to be social Interferes with empathy: Self-oriented, personal distress responses

Question 31

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 31

Anger, hostility, other-blame: at first self-blame, but is pushed to someone else to protect yourself Positively related to depression, anxiety, low-self esteem, PTSD, eating disorders, some personality disorders, suicide, self-injury, substance abuse…

Question 32

Guilt vs. Shame:

Answer 32

doesn’t help relationship because person not taking responsibility psychopathology is coping mechanism for low self-worth

Question 33

2) Embarrassment

Answer 33

positives: time to think about it highlights irrational thinking self-oriented: realize it may be someone else’s standards help you to wanna appease someone maintain hierarchies maybe you should feel ashamed - signal to change yourself

Question 34

2) Embarrassment

Answer 34

Embarrassment - sudden-onset sense of fluster/mortification Negative self evaluation when committing awkward performance in front of an audience

Question 35

2) Embarrassment

Answer 35

Motivates submissive behaviour to appease (i.e., affiliation) make you seem better in front of other ppl showing embarassement to get back into good graces

Question 36

i. Expression of Embarrassment: | Gesture

Answer 36

Keltner (1995) - universal gesture of embarrassment Gaze aversion Lowering of face

Question 37

i. Expression of Embarrassment: | Gesture

Answer 37

Sheepish grin Attempt to inhibit smiling Downturn of head Face touching

Question 38

i. Expression of Embarrassment: | Gesture

Answer 38

``` funny situation - giggling recognize it - i know i messed up i’m sorry, now take me back ppl usually respond well differentiates it from amusement and shame ```

Question 39

i. Expression of Embarrassment: | Gesture

Answer 39

signals less superior place so you need to get level back up - show them it’s a mistake Blush - temporary increase in blood flow to face, neck, and upper chest

Question 40

i. Expression of Embarrassment: | Gesture

Answer 40

keltner elicit embarassement even if same word for guilt, shame, embarassement, still distinguish it redness in face is diff than exertion - dead give away

Question 41

ii. Embarrassment Situations

Answer 41

Embarrassment involves sense of foolishness > worthlessness Self negatively evaluated in the circumstance, but focus is on the presented self surprising

Question 42

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 42

Sabini et al. (2000) - Ps read interpersonal scenarios | and reported how embarrassed they would feel

Question 43

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 43

Scenarios fell into 3 categories: i. Making a social mistake: thinks she’s interested ii. Being the center of attention: spotlight mistakenly fallen on me

Question 44

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 44

iii. Being in a sticky situation: ask someone for their money back more aware + sensitive to social norms feel like we’re gonna get rejected

Question 45

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 45

doesn’t happen to infants instense as child gets older, peaks at adolescence empathetic embarrassement feel embarrassment for someone else

Question 46

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 46

``` Empathetic Embarrassment - Shearn et al (1999) Ps sang Star-Spangled Banner Ps came back to lab, but with a friend Stranger joined them DV: blushing ```

Question 47

Embarrassment Situations

Answer 47

Mean amount of blushing by singers, friends, strangers | performer blushed most then friend

Question 48

Shearn et al (1999) Results

Answer 48

Loss of esteem (social evaluation) account: Temporary loss of self-esteem when behaviour not in line with esteem people hold for us Loss of esteem 􏰁- feelings of embarrassment

Question 49

iii. Embarrassment Theories

Answer 49

Dramaturgic (social interaction) account: People want to perform social scripts/roles competently Disruptions in social scripts/role performances feelings of embarrassment

Question 50

iii. Embarrassment Theories

Answer 50

you think ppl usually respect you, but that level goes down after ability: want to enact social script properly look like you don’t know what you’re doing

Question 51

iii. Embarrassment Theories

Answer 51

Ps failed task in group confederate teammate criticized publicly or privately lower self esteem + embarassed in public condition

Question 52

Embarrassment Theories

Answer 52

Parrott et al. (1988) - Ps read social rejection scenarios IV: Flat “no” IV: Saving face “I don’t date co-workers”; you know it’s a lie - coworker doesn’t know (s)he’s been caught in a lie. IV: Letting down easy “I don’t date co-workers”; don’t know if true

Question 53

Embarrassment Theories

Answer 53

1. IV: negative social weirdness + self esteem plumets - supports both theories 2. IV: know saving face is a lie - supports self-esteem, social aspect is smoothed over 3. IV: letting down easy - save self-esteem, not about me

Question 54

Embarrassment Theories

Answer 54

if self esteem is right: then high embarassment in flat no/saving face dramaturgic: flat no even if self-esteem dropped, low embarassment still looked cool

Question 55

Embarrassment Theories

Answer 55

Lower self-esteem: flat no/saving face | Embarrassment low: saving face/letting down easy

Question 56

Social Purpose of Embarrassment

Answer 56

Semin and Manstead (1982) - More liking for a person who showed embarrassment People like those who blush after doing something embarrassing (Dijk, de Jon, & Peters, 2009).

Question 57

Social Purpose of Embarrassment

Answer 57

If people think your behaviour wasn’t an accident, embarrassment gestures won’t divert their anger (De Jong et al., 2002)

Question 58

Social Purpose of Embarrassment

Answer 58

liked least: not embarassed and walked away liked most: embarassed and fixed cans also liked embarassed and did nothing

Question 59

Social Purpose of Embarrassment

Answer 59

show embarassed after breaking rule, less severely punished help ppl more if look embarassed if we see them blush - we like them more

Question 60

Social Comparison Emotions | A. Envy or Jealousy?

Answer 60

say envy less diff clusters in psychology jealousy: relating to relationship upset about losing important other

Question 61

Social Comparison Emotions | A. Envy or Jealousy?

Answer 61

tend to be used for both situation envy: i want what you have situations when you’re jealous also involved envy

Question 62

Envy or Jealousy?

Answer 62

Parrott and Smith (1993) Ps wrote about times they experienced envy/jealousy never used word envy for jealous

Question 63

Envy or Jealousy?

Answer 63

interference with relationships envy always involved 2 ppl jealousy involves: jealous person, object/person you covet, threatening to take it away

Question 64

B. Components of Envy

Answer 64

Admiring envy - longing to have what the other has Highlights one’s shortcomings disappointment with self

Question 65

B. Components of Envy

Answer 65

pro social of the two ads make you jealous - wish you had that motivation

Question 66

Components of Envy

Answer 66

Malicious envy - desire for other to not have what (s)he has Ill will - sinful envy Desire to engage in destructive behaviour; wallow in bitterness

Question 67

Components of Envy

Answer 67

Smith et al. (1994) - Ps wrote autobiographical accounts of envy and rated their experiences: oSubjective + objective perception of injustice in situation oBeliefs about own inferiority oFeelings of hostility and depression

Question 68

Components of Envy

Answer 68

``` injustice - malicious envy not fair - don’t deserve leads to hostility admiring envy: i wanna work hard to be rich so i can have that to feel inferior and more depressed ```

Question 69

Components of Envy

Answer 69

Three approaches to studying jealousy: 1. Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model: sometimes jealousy stems from feelings of inferiority what it means about your self worth

Question 70

C. Jealousy

Answer 70

2. Evolutionary Theory: what aspects of rival lead to jealousy 3. Social Exchange Theory: what it means to relationship as a whole

Question 71

C. Jealousy

Answer 71

all have credence, but paying attention to something diff

Question 72

1. Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of Jealousy

Answer 72

Threat of rival to one’s sense of self how do i feel good when i make comparisons? are we close? can i get better? extent to which there’s a threat to self esteem sense that you’re not living up

Question 73

1. Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model of Jealousy

Answer 73

ranks in how important are int, ath, pop partner flirt with someone extremely int, ath, or pop think someone is better than you at something important to you

Question 74

1. Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model | of Jealousy

Answer 74

Feel most threatened by superior others in most important domains to the self is this doman important to me?

Question 75

2. Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 75

Evolutionary theory of jealousy Jealousy evolved to maintain relationships perpetuation of genes need jealousy so relationships survive long enough to reproduce

Question 76

2. Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 76

Men vs. women: men + women should be jealous of diff things Women: attractiveness - attract mates, getting guy to stay to raise the child if men spend lots of time + resources in other offspring

Question 77

2. Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 77

Men: power, successful, stronger, status diff problems sexual jealousy evolved to keep mate from having anyone else’s child

Question 78

Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 78

Buss et al. (1992) – imagined situation where partner formed “deep emotional relationship” or “had passionate sexual intercourse” with rival

Question 79

Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 79

women more jealous of deep emotional double whammy assume women is emotionally tied men: more jealous of sex because not necessarily emotional relationship

Question 80

Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 80

Dijkstra and Buunk (2002) – rated jealousy of a rival on 56 characteristics (social dominance, physical attractiveness, seductive behaviours, physical dominance, and social status)

Question 81

Evolutionary Theory of Jealousy

Answer 81

women: attractive, seductive men: dominance, status 80 gay men: more jealousy than lesbians in dominance lesbians more jealous when rival was more attractive same as heterosexual counterparts

Question 82

3. Social Exchange Theory View | of Jealousy

Answer 82

focuses on relationship betw individuals + important other Exchange theory of interpersonal relationships Rewards > costs

Question 83

3. Social Exchange Theory View | of Jealousy

Answer 83

always that we make decisions like economists jealousy indicator that balance is off costs more than rewards Attribution for infidelity is important: how jealous person should be depends on attribution

Question 84

3. Social Exchange Theory View of Jealousy

Answer 84

more costly for you is cheating - no longer functional sex life diff from drunken accident

Question 85

3. Social Exchange Theory View of Jealousy

Answer 85

less if signals your failures and more about one time indescretion both cheating - balance between cost and reward - both getting satisfied

Question 86

3. Social Exchange Theory View of Jealousy

Answer 86

couples develop own norms: outside norms then it’s more costly open relationship diff jealousy than closed relationship upsetting but positive implications here because forces you to repair relationship to increase rewards