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PSY331 - 5. Facial Expression Flashcards

1
Q

The Origin of Facial Expressions

A

All humans have same facial muscles and nerves that control them.
darwin noticed facial expressions were shared by different species

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2
Q

The Origin of Facial Expressions

A

Independent motor systems:

i. Subcortical (extrapyramidal): automatic
ii. Cortical (pyramidal): control - more implicated in cultural differences

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3
Q

A. Measuring Facial Expressions

A

Strategic smiles (social smiles) - fake smiles
zygomaticus major
Duchenne smile (enjoyment smile) - true smile of happiness
zygomaticus major + orbicularis oculi

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4
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

77 descriptors from three parts of the face
Describe facial movements
pictures of three parts of the face

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5
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

surprise: should have up eyebrows, open eyes, gaping mouth

judgement approach: use prototypical components of facial expression

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6
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

limitation: No measure of intensity/facial changes over time

static procedure

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7
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

Anatomically based coding system based on minimal
facial muscle actions involved in expressions
minute muscular movement

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8
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

so other ppl can replicate study
coding for intensity and movement and time course
way eyes are looking
Provides 44 facial action units (AUs)

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9
Q

Judgment approach

A

Can an observer determine others’ emotions from their facial expression? innate or learned?

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10
Q

Judgment approach

A

if everyone is making same expression then it should be nature, not nurture
way easier
accurate when agree on emotion greater than chance

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11
Q

Darwin’s thesis of universality

A

must be adaptive functioning
evolution wasn’t the norm back then
over time, seeing that all cultures are able to discern emotion
born deaf or blind show same facial expressions

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12
Q

Ekman – cross-cultural judgment approach research

A

asked what is happening in this picture; look at this pic, what are they feeling (open or scenario based)
across cultures, even with no contact, same expressions

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13
Q

B. Nature vs. Culture

A

Different patterns of brain activation when perceiving
distinct facial expressions
we’re noticing diff in diff configurations of face
even if diff race (europeans), they recognized it

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14
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. All stimuli at once: compare/contrast - inflating differentiation ability
  2. Strong, conventional, + prototypical: not often showing this emotion, overstating how well we can disambiguate
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15
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. Implies mutual exclusivity: removes possibility there is more than 1 - able to use process for elimination
  2. Does not allow “not on this list”/“situationally dependent”
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16
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. Standard chance level questionable: only 1 positive emotion, changes are increased
    deflated chance level, stimuli showed 1 at a time, added not on this list = still same findings
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17
Q

Frank and Stennett (2001)

A

Used modified forced-choice format with “none of these terms is correct” option
chose none of the above
second study, removed “correct” facial expression from list

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18
Q

Frank and Stennett (2001)

A

In another study, added additional plausible labels:
alarmed, bored, contempt, and excited
still correctly recognized

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19
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

Typical procedures might underestimate ppl’s ability to interpret emotional expression
notice bunch of things: tears, posture, tone of voice, smell

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20
Q

Adams and Kleck (2003)

A

showed different eye positions

better at discerning fear when looking away from us, because not likely looking at us when they are scared

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21
Q

Nature vs. Culture: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

American and Indian samples

Identified 14 facial expressions using own words & forced-choice procedure

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22
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

Included extra facial expressions: embarrassment,
shame, compassion, amusement, tongue biting, face
covering, and gaping.

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23
Q

seven ekman expressions

A

anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, contempt

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24
Q

Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

ppl are discerning anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness
not as problematic as thought to be

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25
Nature vs. Culture
In-group advantage - more accuracy when viewing members of same culture Cultural differences in display rules - cultural rules about expressing emotions
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Nature vs. Culture
women allowed to show sadness | who you’re allowed to show emotions to
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Nature vs. Culture: Interactionist perspective
Strong innate component for several facial expressions of emotions Cultural rules influence which facial expression individuals exhibit interaction of nature and nurture
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Nature vs. The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Emotion-Expression View
just release of muscle energy displays of internal states of emotion ekman: natural reaction to emotion
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The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Emotion-Expression View
distinct facial expression for eeg, F.A.C.T.S | pleasant/negative stimuli - seperate muscle movements
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The Purpose of Facial Expressions
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The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Behavioural Ecology View
Functions: Informative (e.g., emotional state, behavioural intentions, relational status) Evocative: how other ppl treat you (e.g., others’ anger - avoidance; fear - approach)
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The Purpose of Facial Expressions
Incentive (i.e., respond to demands/opportunities in | the environment)
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Video
can’t control facial expressions | concentrating on video games
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Individuals Smiling While Bowling
facing others: smiling even when they get a bad score | social effect on emotions
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% Fans Smiling While Watching Hockey
even in bad play smile with others
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% Pedestrians Smiling
social reason for showing facial expression even when not in line with internal emotion smile at strangers even in bad weather
37
Sociality and Facial Expressions
``` Chovil (1991) Ps learned “close call” stories: on an audiotape in the same room, but sitting behind a screen over the telephone face-to-face ```
38
Sociality and Facial Expressions
Expression of social smiles increases with sociality, but | reported feelings of enjoyment do not increase
39
Sociality and Facial Expressions
least to most amount of facial reaction signals to others ppl as sociality increases, more fake smiling we do
40
Emotion Recognition/Microexpressions
Emotion recognition ability linked to emotional intelligence Ability to recognize microexpressions linked with lie detection ability Micro Expression Training Tool - shown to cops
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Emotion Recognition/Microexpressions
can we leak out emotions we try to hide emotional intelligence - awareness of emotions see if we can catch ppl with their lie through leaks want to lie, but facial expressions are coming out
42
Context in Emotion Recognition
context gives us indication of what emotion is shown | can change understanding of expression
43
Context in Emotion Recognition: Knudsen and Muzekari (1983)
Ps see sad facial expression; told person just received large increase in salary… when they matched, more likely to agree that person was sad
44
Context in Emotion Recognition
Vulnerability to reinterpretation - when cues conflict, reinterpret one to bring it in line now they weren’t coming to a confident conclusion could be lying disambiguate by making sense of it based on context understand emotion based on event
45
Context in Emotion Recognition: Thayer (1980)
Ps saw 5 pictures: 4 had same expression; last one was contrasting
46
Context in Emotion Recognition: Thayer (1980)
looks more sad after a bunch of happy ppl we are interpreting facial expression based on context seeing emotion in neutral face when you give them a contrast
47
Context in Emotion Recognition: Schiffbauer (1974)
Ps put into states of disgust, amusement, no emotion | Judged emotions in facial expressions in photos
48
Context in Emotion Recognition
when in disgusted state, they say disgust your mood impacts how you see other ppl’s expressions similar studies based on odour - pleasant or unpleasant
49
Context in Emotion Recognition: Niedenthal et al. (2000)
Ps put into happy, sad, no mood Viewed faces going from happy/sad to neutral Ps said when the face shifted to neutral
50
Niedenthal et al. (2000) Results
demarcation earlier when it matched your mood | takes longer for happy ppl to say happy face disappeared and shorter for sad ppl
51
IV. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
facial expressions can cause us to feel emotion effects are always very small A. Modulating hypothesis - influence intensity of felt emotion initiated by some stimulus
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IV. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
B. Initiating hypothesis - generate corresponding emotion when nothing in environment to induce emotion no emotion to experiencing emotion by creating facial configution
53
Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)
Ps watched facial expressions morph into other | expressions + detected when expression changed
54
Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)
Some Ps allowed to mimic expressions watched the face, mirror neurons allowed us to mimic facial feedback to own brains
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Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)
Others held a pencil in their mouths, stopping them from mimicking the expressions stopping ppl from mimicking slows them down from recognizing facial expression of other person
56
Facial Feedback – Measure
Amplification-suppression paradigm – exaggerate or conceal felt emotion Muscle-to-muscle instruction paradigm – directly manipulate individuals’ face muscles not telling them that they’re faking an emotion for initiating hypothesis
57
Facial Feedback
lower eyelid: subcortical if we can’t do them, then we can’t create emotion for modulating you can use either
58
Modulating Hypothesis: Lanzetta, Cartwright-Smith, and Kleck (1976)
Received electric shocks of varying intensity IV: Do nothing/suppress/amplify reaction to shocks DV: Aversiveness of shock Inhibition - decrease in arousal/self-reported painfulness of shocks Amplification - increase
59
Modulating Hypothesis
can control pain when tried to surpress, felt less pain physiological symptoms showed ppl felt more pain when they showed more pain
60
Modulating Hypothesis: Laird (1974)
Ps contracted facial muscles involved in smiling/frowning while looking at slides: Ku Klux Klan/kids playing Smiling Ps - happier when viewing + slides Frowning Ps fet angrier when viewing – slides
61
Modulating Hypothesis: Laird (1974)
angry: put electrodes between eyebrows when put in happy expression - modulated happiness level when viewing slides when in angry position more angry or less angry
62
Initiating Hypothesis: Duclos et al. (1989)
Ps contracted/relaxed facial muscles to make expressions of fear, anger, disgust, and sadness while listening to neutral tones (no emotion) Rated emotions
63
Initiating Hypothesis
more fearful faces - felt fear disgust - felt disgust went from nothing to some kind of emotion muscle to muscle paradigm
64
Initiating Hypothesis
Zajonc et al. (1989) - similar results pronouncing German vowels, such as ü and e zajonc: e - happier/u - sadder
65
Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)
muscle to muscle paradigm - feel sad - rated sadness as higher only without elevating other emotions muscle to muscle paradigm - reported elevated fear and surprise
66
Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)
muscle to muscle paradigm - higher than usual anger and also disgust muscle to muscle paradigm - on avg ps reported greater happiness
67
Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)
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68
Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
Direct afferent feedback loop feedback from facial muscles/skin link to motor cortex through afferent feedback loops Activating one part of feedback loop influences rest Vascular theory of emotional efference (VTEE)
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
 facial muscle activity regulates blood flow to brain, affecting brain temperature  Brain temperature affects neurotransmitter release  emotional experience
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
Bem’s self-perception theory (1972) |  Observe own behaviour and context to infer attitudes, preferences, feelings
73
Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
Laird (1974) - use facial feedback cues through self-perception
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
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Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback
Classical conditioning |  expressions frequently paired with emotional state become conditioned to the state
76
Facial Feedback
Spinal cord injuries | Facial muscle paralysis
77
Facial Feedback
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78
Facial Feedback
Möbius syndromeunable to smile | Botox (Hunnenlotter et al., 2009)
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Facial Feedback
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PSY331 (11 decks)

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