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PSY331 > PSY331 - 5. Facial Expression > Flashcards

PSY331 - 5. Facial Expression Flashcards

1
Q

The Origin of Facial Expressions

A

All humans have same facial muscles and nerves that control them.
darwin noticed facial expressions were shared by different species

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2
Q

The Origin of Facial Expressions

A

Independent motor systems:

i. Subcortical (extrapyramidal): automatic
ii. Cortical (pyramidal): control - more implicated in cultural differences

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3
Q

A. Measuring Facial Expressions

A

Strategic smiles (social smiles) - fake smiles
zygomaticus major
Duchenne smile (enjoyment smile) - true smile of happiness
zygomaticus major + orbicularis oculi

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4
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

77 descriptors from three parts of the face
Describe facial movements
pictures of three parts of the face

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5
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

surprise: should have up eyebrows, open eyes, gaping mouth

judgement approach: use prototypical components of facial expression

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6
Q

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST)

A

limitation: No measure of intensity/facial changes over time

static procedure

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7
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

Anatomically based coding system based on minimal
facial muscle actions involved in expressions
minute muscular movement

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8
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

so other ppl can replicate study
coding for intensity and movement and time course
way eyes are looking
Provides 44 facial action units (AUs)

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9
Q

Judgment approach

A

Can an observer determine others’ emotions from their facial expression? innate or learned?

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10
Q

Judgment approach

A

if everyone is making same expression then it should be nature, not nurture
way easier
accurate when agree on emotion greater than chance

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11
Q

Darwin’s thesis of universality

A

must be adaptive functioning
evolution wasn’t the norm back then
over time, seeing that all cultures are able to discern emotion
born deaf or blind show same facial expressions

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12
Q

Ekman – cross-cultural judgment approach research

A

asked what is happening in this picture; look at this pic, what are they feeling (open or scenario based)
across cultures, even with no contact, same expressions

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13
Q

B. Nature vs. Culture

A

Different patterns of brain activation when perceiving
distinct facial expressions
we’re noticing diff in diff configurations of face
even if diff race (europeans), they recognized it

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14
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. All stimuli at once: compare/contrast - inflating differentiation ability
  2. Strong, conventional, + prototypical: not often showing this emotion, overstating how well we can disambiguate
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15
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. Implies mutual exclusivity: removes possibility there is more than 1 - able to use process for elimination
  2. Does not allow “not on this list”/“situationally dependent”
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16
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A
  1. Standard chance level questionable: only 1 positive emotion, changes are increased
    deflated chance level, stimuli showed 1 at a time, added not on this list = still same findings
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17
Q

Frank and Stennett (2001)

A

Used modified forced-choice format with “none of these terms is correct” option
chose none of the above
second study, removed “correct” facial expression from list

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18
Q

Frank and Stennett (2001)

A

In another study, added additional plausible labels:
alarmed, bored, contempt, and excited
still correctly recognized

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19
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

Typical procedures might underestimate ppl’s ability to interpret emotional expression
notice bunch of things: tears, posture, tone of voice, smell

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20
Q

Adams and Kleck (2003)

A

showed different eye positions

better at discerning fear when looking away from us, because not likely looking at us when they are scared

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21
Q

Nature vs. Culture: Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

American and Indian samples

Identified 14 facial expressions using own words & forced-choice procedure

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22
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

Included extra facial expressions: embarrassment,
shame, compassion, amusement, tongue biting, face
covering, and gaping.

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23
Q

seven ekman expressions

A

anger, fear, happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, contempt

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24
Q

Haidt and Keltner (1999)

A

ppl are discerning anger, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness
not as problematic as thought to be

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25
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

In-group advantage - more accuracy when viewing
members of same culture
Cultural differences in display rules - cultural rules
about expressing emotions

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26
Q

Nature vs. Culture

A

women allowed to show sadness

who you’re allowed to show emotions to

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27
Q

Nature vs. Culture: Interactionist perspective

A

Strong innate component for several facial expressions of emotions
Cultural rules influence which facial expression individuals exhibit
interaction of nature and nurture

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28
Q

Nature vs. The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Emotion-Expression View

A

just release of muscle energy
displays of internal states of emotion
ekman: natural reaction to emotion

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29
Q

The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Emotion-Expression View

A

distinct facial expression for eeg, F.A.C.T.S

pleasant/negative stimuli - seperate muscle movements

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30
Q

The Purpose of Facial Expressions

A

-

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31
Q

The Purpose of Facial Expressions: Behavioural Ecology View

A

Functions: Informative (e.g., emotional state, behavioural intentions, relational status)
Evocative: how other ppl treat you (e.g., others’ anger - avoidance; fear - approach)

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32
Q

The Purpose of Facial Expressions

A

Incentive (i.e., respond to demands/opportunities in

the environment)

33
Q

Video

A

can’t control facial expressions

concentrating on video games

34
Q

Individuals Smiling While Bowling

A

facing others: smiling even when they get a bad score

social effect on emotions

35
Q

% Fans Smiling While Watching Hockey

A

even in bad play smile with others

36
Q

% Pedestrians Smiling

A

social reason for showing facial expression even when not in line with internal emotion
smile at strangers even in bad weather

37
Q

Sociality and Facial Expressions

A 
Chovil (1991)
Ps learned “close call” stories:
on an audiotape
in the same room, but sitting behind a screen
over the telephone
face-to-face
38
Q

Sociality and Facial Expressions

A

Expression of social smiles increases with sociality, but

reported feelings of enjoyment do not increase

39
Q

Sociality and Facial Expressions

A

least to most amount of facial reaction
signals to others ppl
as sociality increases, more fake smiling we do

40
Q

Emotion Recognition/Microexpressions

A

Emotion recognition ability linked to emotional intelligence
Ability to recognize microexpressions linked with lie
detection ability
Micro Expression Training Tool - shown to cops

41
Q

Emotion Recognition/Microexpressions

A

can we leak out emotions we try to hide
emotional intelligence - awareness of emotions
see if we can catch ppl with their lie through leaks
want to lie, but facial expressions are coming out

42
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition

A

context gives us indication of what emotion is shown

can change understanding of expression

43
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition: Knudsen and Muzekari (1983)

A

Ps see sad facial expression; told person just received large increase in salary…
when they matched, more likely to agree that person was sad

44
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition

A

Vulnerability to reinterpretation - when cues conflict,
reinterpret one to bring it in line
now they weren’t coming to a confident conclusion
could be lying
disambiguate by making sense of it based on context
understand emotion based on event

45
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition: Thayer (1980)

A

Ps saw 5 pictures: 4 had same expression; last one was contrasting

46
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition: Thayer (1980)

A

looks more sad after a bunch of happy ppl
we are interpreting facial expression based on context
seeing emotion in neutral face when you give them a contrast

47
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition: Schiffbauer (1974)

A

Ps put into states of disgust, amusement, no emotion

Judged emotions in facial expressions in photos

48
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition

A

when in disgusted state, they say disgust
your mood impacts how you see other ppl’s expressions
similar studies based on odour - pleasant or unpleasant

49
Q

Context in Emotion Recognition: Niedenthal et al. (2000)

A

Ps put into happy, sad, no mood
Viewed faces going from happy/sad to neutral
Ps said when the face shifted to neutral

50
Q

Niedenthal et al. (2000) Results

A

demarcation earlier when it matched your mood

takes longer for happy ppl to say happy face disappeared and shorter for sad ppl

51
Q

IV. Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

facial expressions can cause us to feel emotion
effects are always very small
A. Modulating hypothesis - influence intensity of felt emotion initiated by some stimulus

52
Q

IV. Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

B. Initiating hypothesis - generate corresponding
emotion when nothing in environment to induce emotion
no emotion to experiencing emotion by creating facial configution

53
Q

Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)

A

Ps watched facial expressions morph into other

expressions + detected when expression changed

54
Q

Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)

A

Some Ps allowed to mimic expressions
watched the face, mirror neurons allowed us to mimic
facial feedback to own brains

55
Q

Facial Feedback: Niedenthal et al. (2001)

A

Others held a pencil in their mouths, stopping them
from mimicking the expressions
stopping ppl from mimicking slows them down from recognizing facial expression of other person

56
Q

Facial Feedback – Measure

A

Amplification-suppression paradigm – exaggerate or conceal felt emotion
Muscle-to-muscle instruction paradigm – directly manipulate individuals’ face muscles
not telling them that they’re faking an emotion
for initiating hypothesis

57
Q

Facial Feedback

A

lower eyelid: subcortical
if we can’t do them, then we can’t create emotion
for modulating you can use either

58
Q

Modulating Hypothesis: Lanzetta, Cartwright-Smith, and Kleck (1976)

A

Received electric shocks of varying intensity
IV: Do nothing/suppress/amplify reaction to shocks
DV: Aversiveness of shock
Inhibition - decrease in arousal/self-reported painfulness of shocks
Amplification - increase

59
Q

Modulating Hypothesis

A

can control pain
when tried to surpress, felt less pain
physiological symptoms showed ppl felt more pain when they showed more pain

60
Q

Modulating Hypothesis: Laird (1974)

A

Ps contracted facial muscles involved in smiling/frowning while looking at slides:
Ku Klux Klan/kids playing
Smiling Ps - happier when viewing + slides
Frowning Ps fet angrier when viewing – slides

61
Q

Modulating Hypothesis: Laird (1974)

A

angry: put electrodes between eyebrows
when put in happy expression - modulated happiness level when viewing slides
when in angry position more angry or less angry

62
Q

Initiating Hypothesis: Duclos et al. (1989)

A

Ps contracted/relaxed facial muscles to make expressions of fear, anger, disgust, and sadness while listening to neutral tones (no emotion)
Rated emotions

63
Q

Initiating Hypothesis

A

more fearful faces - felt fear
disgust - felt disgust
went from nothing to some kind of emotion
muscle to muscle paradigm

64
Q

Initiating Hypothesis

A

Zajonc et al. (1989) - similar results pronouncing German vowels, such as ü and e
zajonc: e - happier/u - sadder

65
Q

Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)

A

muscle to muscle paradigm - feel sad - rated sadness as higher only without elevating other emotions
muscle to muscle paradigm - reported elevated fear and surprise

66
Q

Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)

A

muscle to muscle paradigm - higher than usual anger and also disgust
muscle to muscle paradigm - on avg ps reported greater happiness

67
Q

Flack, Laird, and Cavallaro (1999)

68
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

A

Direct afferent feedback loop
feedback from facial muscles/skin link to motor cortex through afferent feedback loops
Activating one part of feedback loop influences rest Vascular theory of emotional efference (VTEE)

69
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

A

 facial muscle activity regulates blood flow to brain, affecting brain temperature
 Brain temperature affects neurotransmitter release  emotional experience

70
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

71
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

72
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

A

Bem’s self-perception theory (1972)

 Observe own behaviour and context to infer attitudes, preferences, feelings

73
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

A

Laird (1974) - use facial feedback cues through self-perception

74
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

75
Q

Potential Mechanisms Behind Facial Feedback

A

Classical conditioning

 expressions frequently paired with emotional state become conditioned to the state

76
Q

Facial Feedback

A

Spinal cord injuries

Facial muscle paralysis

77
Q

Facial Feedback

78
Q

Facial Feedback

A

Möbius syndromeunable to smile

Botox (Hunnenlotter et al., 2009)

79
Q

Facial Feedback

PSY331 (11 decks)

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