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Biology 1 > Protist > Flashcards

Protist Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The algae and the protozoa

A

Protista

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2
Q

Comprised of a single cell that may be flagellated or non-motile

A

Unicellular

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3
Q

Comprised of more than one cell, generally without any division of labor, that may be flagellated or non-motile

A

Colonial

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4
Q

Comprised of a chain of cells

A

Filamentous

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5
Q

Comprised of more than one cell, generally with division of labor, that may be flagellated or on-motile

A

Multicellular

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6
Q

Set of chromosomes from a single parent that is typically denoted as “N”

A

Haploid

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7
Q

Set of chromosomes from two parents and is typically denoted as “2N”

A

Diploid

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8
Q

Organic solvent-soluble photosynthetic pigment common to all plastid-bearing lineages and most Cyanobacteria

A

Chlorophyll a

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9
Q

Organic solvent-solvable photosynthetic pigment common to chloroplast bearing lineages and some Cyanobacteria

A

Chlorophyll b

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10
Q

Organic solvent-solvable photosynthetic pigment common to rhodoplast-bearing chromalveolates

A

Chlorophyll c

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11
Q

Water-soluble pigments common to all Cyanobacteria and all rhodophyta

A

Phycobilin

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12
Q

Organism that is capable of phtoautotrophy and chemoheteotrophy

A

Mixotroph

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13
Q

Reduction divison of cells with diploid. Nuclei that results in cells (typically 4) with haploid nuclei

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

Cell division that involves duplication of the nuclear material whereby the resulting daughter nuclei are separated into two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Reproduction generally involving the Union of haploid gametes or opposite mating types

A

Sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Reproduction that does not involve gametes but leads to progeny or cells that are largely identical (clones) of the parent organisms or parent cell

A

Asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism resides inside the body or cells of another organism

A

Endosymbiosis

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18
Q

Early advocate of a theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis

A

Lynn marquis

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19
Q

Photoautotrophic (chlorophyll a and phycobolins) lineage of prokaryotes that share a common ancestor with plastids that were acquired by endosymbiosis

A

Cyanobacteria

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20
Q

Plastid type of the “green” or virdiplantae lineage in the archaeplastida and which has been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis in some organisms like euglena and chlorarachnion

A

Chloroplast

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21
Q

Plastid type of the “red” or rhodophyta lineage in the archaeplastida and which has been acquired by secondary endosymbiosis in some organisms like the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, bacillariophyta, and phaeophyta

A

Rhodophyta

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22
Q

Endosymbiosis in which a cyanobacterium (prokaryote) was acquired as an endosymbiont in the cell of a eukaryotic chemoheterotroph where the cyanobacterial endosymbiont eventually evolved into a plastid

A

Primary endosymbiosis

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23
Q

Endosymbiosis in which a plastid-bearing (photoautotrophic) eukaryote was acquired as an endosymbiont in the cell of a eukaryotic chemoheterotroph where the plastid (and sometimes a reduced nucleus) of the endosymbiont was retained to serve the new host

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

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24
Q

Bilflagellate members of the euglenozoa (excavat) that include photoautotrophic with chloroplasts acquired by secondary endosymbiosis and flagella wit crystalline rods

A

Euglendids

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25
Q

Flagellated members of the euglenozoa, some of which are parasites (eg trypanosoma), that possess mitochondria with distinctive mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplasts)

A

Kinetoplastida

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26
Q

Flagellated members of the excavata, some of which are parasites (eg giardia), that possess dikaryotic cells

A

Diplomonads

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27
Q

Cellular adaptation for ingestion of particles in protozoans

A

Oral groove

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28
Q

Eukaryotic super-group of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotic microbes that share common flagellated features

A

Excavata

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29
Q

Distinctive structure associated with flagella in the euglenozoa

A

Crystalline rod

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30
Q

Flagellated members of the excavata, some of which are parasites (eg trichomonas), that possess unique fibers at the base of the flagella

A

Parabasalids

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31
Q

Flagellated parabasalid that causes STD that is often mis-diagnosed as yeast infection

A

Trichomonas

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32
Q

Intestinal parasite in the diplomonad lineage

A

Giardia

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33
Q

Photoautotropohic euglenid that acquired a chloroplast by secondary endosymbiosis

A

Euglena

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34
Q

Member of the euglenozoa that exists as a blood parasite that causes trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness; chaga’s disease)

A

Trypanosoma

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35
Q

Unusual mitochondrial DNA observed in a group of protists that bear the same name (kinetoplastida)

A

Kinetoplast

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36
Q

Alliance within the excavata that includes euglenids and trypanosoma

A

Euglenozoa

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37
Q

Biting fly of central Africa that lives on the blood of vertebrate animals and is the vector for African sleeping sickness (trypanosoma)

A

Tsetse fly

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38
Q

Biting bug of South America that is vector for chaga’s disease

A

Reduviid bug

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39
Q

Trypanosomiasis brought on with the he bit of the tsetse bug

A

Sleeping sickness

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40
Q

Trypanosomiasis brought on with the bite of the reduviid bug

A

Chaga’s disease

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41
Q

Pigmented region of a flagellated alga or protozoan that generally serves as a shading device that AIDS the photosensitive apparatus

A

Eyespot

42
Q

Sub-cellular structure involved in maintaining water balance in algae or Protozoa and that functions by collecting and expelling (by contraction) excess water

A

Contractile vacuole

43
Q

The alliance of alveolata and stramenopila

A

Chromalveolata

44
Q

The diatoms

A

Bacillariophyta

45
Q

Alga with silica cell walls, beta-1,3 linked storage polysaccharides and rhodoplasts that bear chlorophyll a and c

A

Diatoms

46
Q

The brown algae including the kelps

A

Phaeophyta

47
Q

Multicellular algae (mostly seaweeds) with cellulose cell walls, heterokont flagella, beta-1,3 linked storage polysaccharides and rhodoplasts that bear chlorophylls a and c

A

The brown algae

48
Q

Bearing flagella or two (or more) types

A

Heterokont

49
Q

Alliance that includes the diatoms and brown algae and is generally characterized by heterokont flagella where one flagellum I smooth and one flagellum is hairy

A

Straemenopila

50
Q

The alliance of algae and Protozoa that are characterized by the presence of gaps (alveoli) along the cell periphery

A

Alveolata

51
Q

Alveolate algae with cellulose cell walls, alpha-1,4 linked storage polysaccharides, heterokont flagella and rhodoplasts that bear chlorophylls a and c

A

Dinoflagellates

52
Q

Alveolate Protozoa, including the plasmodium parasites (malaria), that bear an apicoplast which is thought to be descended from rhodoplasts but that no longer bear any photosynthetic pigments

A

Apicomplexans

53
Q

Alveolata Protozoa, including paramecium, that bear numerous cilia on the cell surface and are dikaryotic bearing macro nuclei and micronuclei

A

Ciliates

54
Q

Unusual organelle of the apicoplexans that is now regarded as a rhodoplasts that has lost most photosynthetic function

A

Apicoplast

55
Q

Genus of apicomplexans responsible for malaria

A

Plasmodium

56
Q

Blood disease in humans is caused by plasmodium where mosquitos (usually females who take blood meals when bearing young) serve as the vector of transmission

A

Malaria

57
Q

Infective stage of plasmodium that develops in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector that can be delivered to a human host with the bite of the mosquito

A

Sporozoite

58
Q

Infective stage of plasmodium that develops in either liver cells or in red blood cells in the human and are largely responsible for the symptoms of malaria in humans (recurrent lethargy, chills and fever)

A

Merozoite

59
Q

Reproductive stage of plasmodium that develops in red blood cells in the human and must be passed to a mosquito where thy will develop into gametes (egg and sperm)

A

Gametocytes

60
Q

Structure in the mosquito host that is produced by plasmodium and which houses the sporozoite stage which can infect humans

A

Oocyst

61
Q

One of the ciliate dikaryon that is exchanged with other ciliate cells during conjugation (sexual reproduction)

A

Micronucleus

62
Q

One of the ciliate dikaryon whose genres are expressed during the daily life of the ciliate cell and divides to produce micronuclei

A

Macronucleus

63
Q

Short motile apparatus that bears the 9+2 microtubular arrangement observed in the much longer eukaryotic flagellum

A

Cilia

64
Q

The principle inorganic component of glass

A

Silica

65
Q

Diatoms genus with extensive fossil record (because the siliceous cell walls do not easily degrade with time) that has been interpreted as evidencing speciation

A

Rhizosolenia

66
Q

Macroscopic algae

A

Seaweeds

67
Q

Macroscopic brown algae

A

Kelp

68
Q

The body of a plant that lacks vascular tissue

A

Thallus

69
Q

A diplobionic life history that includes distinct haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sprophyte) generations

A

Alternation of generation

70
Q

The gamete-producing haploid stage in alternation of generation

A

Gametophyte

71
Q

The spore-producing diploid stage in alternation of generation

A

Sporophyte

72
Q

Gametophyte and sporophyte are morphologically (but not physiologically) indistinguishable

A

Isomorphic alternation of generation

73
Q

Gametophyte and sporophyte are morophologically distinct

A

Heteromorphic alternation of generation

74
Q

Brown alga that demonstrates heterotrophic alternation of generation characterized by a macroscopic sporophyte stage and a filamentous gametophyte (male and female) stage

A

Laminaria

75
Q

Asexual motile stage of algae and Protozoa

A

Zoospore

76
Q

Structure that produces spores (usually) by meiosis

A

Sporangium

77
Q

Structure that produces gametes

A

Gametangium

78
Q

Male gamete (sperm) producing structure

A

Antheridium

79
Q

Egg-producing cell

A

Oogonium

80
Q

Eukaryotic supergroup that includes the Filipe amoebae

A

Rhizaria

81
Q

Needle-like pseudopodia

A

Filose pseudopodia

82
Q

Thick pseudopodia

A

Lobose pseudopodia

83
Q

Member of the rhizobia, often referred to as forums, that produce calcium carbonate shells (tests) that have provided the group with an extensive fossil record

A

Foraminifera

84
Q

A genus in the foraminifera

A

Globigerina

85
Q

Alliance of eukaryotes that includes the Fungi and animalia

A

Opisthokonta

86
Q

Opisthokont lineage of eukaryotes, many of which are characterized by cell walls made of chitin (a nitrogenous polysaccharide)

A

Fungi

87
Q

Opisthokont lineage of eukaryotes that lacks cell walls

A

Animalia

88
Q

Opisthoknot lineage of protozoa that bear similarity to choanocytes of sponges and is now regarded as a sister group to the animalia

A

Choanoflagellates

89
Q

A sister group to the opisthokonts that includes the entamoebae and the gymnamoebae

A

Amoebozoans

90
Q

Naked amoebae (e.g. Amoeba proteus) that are free-living chemoheterotrophs

A

Gymnamoeba

91
Q

Parasite amoebae that lack mitochondria (by loss) and include the agents of amoebic dysentrery

A

Entamoeba

92
Q

The species responsible for amoebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

93
Q

Eukaryotic supergroup comprised of the rhodophyta and the virdiplantae

A

Archaeplastida

94
Q

The red algae

A

Rhodophyta

95
Q

The red alga used as the wrap for sushi

A

Nori (porphyria)

96
Q

Major lineage of green algae that includes chlamydomonas

A

Chlorophyta

97
Q

Major lineage of green algae that includes chara and coleochaete

A

Charophyta

98
Q

Alliance of charophyta and embryophtes (kingdom plantae)

A

Streptophyta

99
Q

The embryo-bearing plants (kingdom plantae)

A

Embryophyta

100
Q

The green plants which include the chlorophyta, the charophyta, and the embryophytes (kingdom plantae)

A

Virdiplantae

101
Q

Plant-like member of the carophyta whose cells produce a phramoplast during cell division, have apical meristems and jacketed gametangia

A

Chara

102
Q

Disk-shaped (with hairs) member of the charophyta whose cells produce a phragmoplast during cell division

A

Coleochaete

Biology 1 (14 decks)

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