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Biology 1 > animals lecture 12 & 13 > Flashcards

animals lecture 12 & 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

formation of new individuals whose genes come from one parent and never uses males gametes.

A

asexual reproduction

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2
Q

formation of new individuals by the fusion of haploid gametes

A

sexual reproduction

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3
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A

Fission, Fragmentation, Budding, Parthenogenesis

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4
Q

separation of parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size.

A

fission

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5
Q

breaking of the body into pieces and regeneration of lost body parts to create new individuals.

A

fragmentation

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6
Q

examples of animals that do fragmentation

A

Turbellaria, Annelids, Echinoderms

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7
Q

: new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

A

budding

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8
Q

examples of animals that do budding

A

sponges, hydrozoans, tunicates

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9
Q

: development of embryos without fertilization

A

parthenogenesis

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10
Q

examples of parthenogenesis

A

A few crustaceans, sharks, fish, salamanders, and few lizards and snakes

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11
Q

types of sexual reproduction

A

gonochoristic and hermaphroditic

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12
Q

males and females are

Different individuals

A

gonochoristic (diecious)

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13
Q

): an individual can produce both male and female gametes

A

hermaphrodistic (monoecious)

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14
Q

tradeoff of asexual reproduction and selfing

A

Potential for rapid population growth, Don’t need to find mate, Low Genetic variation.

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15
Q

tradoffs of sexual reproduction

A

Increases genetic variability, Lower population growth, Need to find a mate.

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16
Q

sex determined genetically at the time of fertilization.

Eg. birds, mammals, snakes and some lizards

A

genotypic sex determination

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17
Q

sex is determined by egg incubation temperature

Eg. turtles, many lizards, and crocodilians

A

temperature dependent sex determination

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18
Q

a creeping horizontal plant stem or runner that takes root at points along its length to form new plants.

A

stolon

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19
Q

involves the formation of haploid cells from an original diploid cell, called a primary oocyte, through meiosis. The female ovaries contain the primary oocytes. leads to the production of one final ovum, or egg cell, from each primary oocyte (in contrast to the four sperm that are generated from every spermatogonium). Of the four daughter cells that are produced when the primary oocyte divides meiotically, three come out much smaller than the fourth. These smaller cells, called polar bodies, eventually disintegrate, leaving only the larger ovum as the final product

A

oogenesis

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20
Q

male testes have tiny tubules containing diploid cells called spermatogonium that mature to become sperm. The basic function is to turn each one of the diploid spermatogonium into four haploid sperm cells. millions produced every day for each individual

A

spermatogenesis

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21
Q

breed (an animal or plant) with one not closely related.

A

outcrossing

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22
Q

in the male, it develops into parts of the male reproductive system, such as the epididymis and the vas deferens; in the female, it becomes vestigial.

A

wolffian duct

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23
Q

persist, in females, to develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and part of the vagina; in males they are largely suppressed

A

mullerian duct

24
Q

the tube through which an ovum or egg passes from an ovary.

A

oviduct

25
Q

is part of the male reproductive system of many vertebrates; these vasa transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in anticipation of ejaculation.

A

vas deferns

26
Q

takes place when animals release their eggs and sperm into the water, where fertilization occurs externally. one of the most common methods of reproduction in the sea

A

broadcast spawning

27
Q

the mating position of frogs and toads, in which the male clasps the female about the back.

A

amplexus

28
Q

individuals reverses its

sex during its lifetime

A

sequential hermaphroditism

29
Q

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

A

sexual dimorphism

30
Q

methods of attracting mates

A

visual displays, calls, tactile, phermones

31
Q

reproduces many offspring, but provides little parental care

A

r strategist

32
Q

reproduces few offspring, but typically provides a lot of parental care

A

k strategist

33
Q

costs of parental care

A

decrease parental survival, increase time until next breeding, reduce future fecundity

34
Q

believed until the 1800s; sperm or egg contain a miniture infant called a homunculus that only increases in size during development

A

preformation

35
Q

a supposed microscopic but fully formed human being from which a fetus was formerly believed to develop

A

homunculus

36
Q

the unfolding of an organism across its ontogeny

A

development

37
Q

early cell divisions after fertilization

A

cleavage

38
Q

schizocoelous

A

protosomes

39
Q

enterocoelous

A

deuterosomes

40
Q

epidermis of skin and derivitaves; epithelial lining of mouth and rectum; sensory receptors in epidermis; cornea and lens of eye; nervous system; adrenal medulla; tooth enamel

A

ectoderm

41
Q

notochord; skeletal system; muscular layer of stomach, intestine; excretory system; circulatory and lymphatic systems; reproductive system; dermis of skin; lining of body cavity

A

mesoderm

42
Q

epithelial lining of digestive tract; epithelial lining of respiratory system; lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system; liver; pancreas; thymus; thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

endoderm

43
Q

germ layers form rudiments of organs

A

organogenesis

44
Q

what determines developmental patterns

A

genetics and environment

45
Q

phenotype depends on environment

A

plasticity

46
Q

development is consistent across environments

A

canilization

47
Q

a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

A

gastrulation

48
Q

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

A

blastopore

49
Q

transplant experiments told us that

A

species specific info is present in the transplanted tissues and that tissue is played out a predetermined developmental pathway

50
Q

the pathway taken by a cell and its progeny

A

cell fate

51
Q

process by which a cell develops into a more specialized type of cell

A

cellular differentiation

52
Q

potential medical applications of stem cells

A

regeneration, replacement, drug discovery, developmental/molecular biology

53
Q

potential issues with stem cells

A

social/legal issues, allogenics

54
Q

(in genetics) denoting an individual or cell type that is from the same species but genetically distinct.
2 (in transplantation biology) denoting tissues, particularly stem cells from either bone marrow or peripheral blood, that are from the same species but antigenically distinct; homologous

A

allogenic

55
Q

abnormal and uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells in the body

A

cancer

56
Q

what can cause cancer

A

inherited genetic mutations, non-inherited genetic mutations during replicaiton, toxins, UV, radation, carcinogens, viruses

57
Q

an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.

A

stem cell

Biology 1 (14 decks)

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