animals lecture 18 & 19 Flashcards
Role of gastrovascular cavity in respiration
diffusion
Basic components of a circulatory system:
circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump
ex of circulatory fluid
blood
set of tubes heart
veins/arteries
muscular pump ex
heart
have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.
closed circulatory system
pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
open circulatory system
a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel.
hemolymph
little hearts
ostia
closed circulatory system is called the
cardiovascular system
if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the bottom
cellular elements
if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the top
plasma
ceullular elements are made of
erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
types of leukocytes
neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinphil, basophil
parts of plasma
water, ions, plasma proteins, substrants transported by blood
leuko-
white
cellular elements go to the (x) because
bottom because they are big compared to plasma
cellular elements are
living
increase for parasitic infection
eosinophil
used for coagulation, owund healing and stop flow
platelets
called blood because of
blood cells
carry blood away from the heart towards capillaries
arteries
Return blood to the heart from capillaries
veins
2 chambers
fishes
3 chambers
amphibians
4 chambers
reptiles and mammals and birds
breathing through the skin
cutaneous
pulmo
lungs
dividing wall
septum
Significance of having 4 chambers
keeps deoxygenated blood from getting to the blood, more purely oxygenated; important because we are more active and have higher metabolism
you can use respiration to measure
metabolism
ascending
superior
descending
inferior
the difference between reptiles and mammals/birds is that
reptiles have a right systematic aorta
meaning literally “blood movement” is the study of blood flow or the circulation.
haemodynamics
pressure gets higher with (x) tubes
smaller
major vein
vena cava
decrease of pressure as it goes on because
there are so many cappilaries
only way blood gets to cappilaries is throguh
the heart pumping
velocity of blood decreases as it reaches the
cappilaries
velocity of blood increases as it reaches the
veins
surface area makes good
respiratory surface
also importrant for respiratory purposes is
thin cells
each filament and lamella (x) surface area
increase
lots of capillaries or veins and arteries
vasculorize
lungs are in
ray-finned fish
fish developed lungs
first
the fish equivalent of lungs
swim bladder
benefits of having a swim bladder attatched to other systems
Connected system can use lungs and change the amount of air in and out much faster instead of slow diffusion
detatched swim bladder
ray finned fish
connected swim bladder
lungfish
Lot more surface area in mammals and reptielws because
we have higher metabolism, only respiratory surface
because birds have such high metabolism they have
one lung and many sacs
how bird lungs work
Birds have two cycles, first goes to lungs, then next time they breath in it goes to the sacs, then cycle out; they breath in and out at the same time
platicidy
changes easily/often
reduced oxygen
hypoxia
what happens to some animals with reduced oxygen
More surface area to get more oxygen in low oxygen environment
They have extra tissue that goes away that increases surface area, they aren’t actually growing things
some animals like salamanders and frogs lost their lungs because
Get rid of it so it has big surface area or lower metabolic rate or flat, need inside space for more things, underwater and try to stay at the bottom, brewathing in air can make it move substantially with moving water
any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveoli
there are nerve nets (simplest nervous system) in
cnidarians
nerve ring and radial nerves
echinoderms (sea stars)
simplest central nervous system with an eyespot, brain, nerve cord, and transverse nerves is
planarian (flatworm)
brain, ventral nerve cord, segmented ganglion
leech (annelid), insect (arthropod)
dendro
tree
sending signals
pre-synaptic
recieving signals
post-synaptic
receive signals from other neurons
dendrites
transmit signals from other cells
axon
neurotransmitter that turns on
excitatory
neurotransmitter that keeps from turning on
inhibatory
cns stands for
central nervous system
the central nervous system includes
brain and spinal cord
pns stands for
peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system includes
everything else including facial and spinal nerves
all neurotransmitters can be produced in the
cns
supporting cells
glial cells
provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters
astrocytes
form myelin sheaths around axons of many types of vertebrate neurons
schwann cells
at rest, a neuron is positive (x) and negative (x)
outside, inside
neurons transmits signal by
changing charge
(x) matter has lots of schwann cells)
white
what part of the nervous system does integration
cns
what part of the nervous system does sensory input and motor output
pns
the part of the brain that is controlled by the nerve cell bodies and the majority of the true dendrites (numerous, short, branching filaments that carry impulses towards the cell body). The cell body is the area of the neuron that is highlighted by the existence of a nucleus. has no myelin blanket; senses of the body (speech, hearing, feelings, seeing and memory) and control of the muscles; 40% of brain and 94% of O.
grey matter
is a neuron that is made up of extending, myelinated nerve fibers, or axons. It composes the structures at the center of the brain, like the thalamus and the hypothalamus. It is found between the brainstem and the cerebellum; . It also controls the functions that the body is unaware of, like temperature, blood pressure and the heart rate. Dispensing of hormones and the control of food, as well as the intake of water and the exposition of emotions
white matter
knee jerk reflex tests
coordination nd function of central nervous system (spinal cord)
why do tails flop around when they become detached?
they are apart of the cns and have spinal cordi n them
octupus has central nervous system in
limbs
carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, mainly responding to external stimuli. Generally voluntary
somatic nervous system
regulates the internal environment by controlling heart, digestive, excretory, and endocrine systems. Generally involuntary.
autonamic nervous system
caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron
action potential
the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.
spinal cord
12 pairs of nerves that can be seen on the ventral (bottom) surface of the brain. Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranial nerves control muscles; other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs such as the heart and lungs.
cranial nerves
a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
spinal nerve
ways to study the nervous system
Morphologically, Behaviorally, Molecularly, Pharmacologically, Combination of techniques
how to tell what part of the body causes a behavior
manipulate it by removing it and seeing if the individual can still do that function, Brain damage, see if it causes certain behavior , or if born with this defect
what does an mri stand for
magnetic resonance imaging
how does an mri work
looking at differences in water
Inference is that since there is a lot of water in blood then blood is heading to an area and meaning that part of the brain is working more
Can see if there is more exitory or inhibitory things going on
as body size increases brain size
also increases
different groups have (x) brain size to body ratio
different
there is no correlation with human brain size and
intelligence
transmits smell info
Olfactory lobe (bulb
sensory processing
cerebrum
motor control and cognitive function
cerebellum
controls several visceral functions. Including breathing, heart, digestion
Medula oblongata
the olfactory lobe is big in (x) and smaller in (x) because it is less used
amphibians and reptiles, mammals and birds
the cerebrum is biggest in
mammals
intelligence is determined by
brain wrinkles
the brain becomes more (x) after traumatic brain injuries
smooth
relay to the cerebral cortex, visual system input
thalamus
long-term memory and spatial memory.
hippocampus
homeostatic regulation
hypothalamus
Hormone synthesis and release
pituitary
emotional memory consolidation, fear conditioning.
amygdala
(x) have very low left/right brain symmetry
schizophrenics
“Environmentally induced” changes in morphology or activity of neurons.
neuroplasticity
neuroplasticity occurs from
Hormones, Activity, Physiology
effect of minimal stress on neurons
increase in cognitive and mental performances, neurogenesis
effect of chronic/high stress
degreading neurogenesis and depression
mothers stress impacts
fetus growth
