Animals lecture 16 & 17 Flashcards
organism that feeds on plants and/or algae
herbivore
feeds on animals
carnivore
feeds on plants and animals
omnivore
narrow diet.
stenophagus
wide diet.
euryphagus
tradeoff of euryphagus
ineffiencient
tradeoff of stenophagus
food availability
changes diet as matures; ex: frog
ontogenetic diet shifting
filter suspended particles or organisms out of the water column; ex: sponge
filter (suspension) feeders
suck nutrients from host; ex: mosquito, leech
fluid feeders
: live in or on food source and eat their way through; ex: catepillars
substrate feeders
eat large pieces of food; ex: snake
bulk feeders
examples of feeding adaptations of bulk feeders
long projectile tongues, pinchers, tooth distrubtion, venom
diverse group of toxins which clinically cause paralytic effects mediated at the neuromuscular junction
neurotoxin venom
destroys red blood cells – causes hemolysis, disrupts blood clotting, and also attacks other types of cells and tissues – causing profound tissue damage and often, organ failure. … Their venom literally kills and dissolves tissue including bone
hemotoxic venom
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
pharynx
a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters it through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter; secretes acid and enzymes that digest food
stomach
a muscular, thick-walled part of a bird’s stomach for grinding food, typically with grit.
gizzard
the lower part of the alimentary canal from the end of the stomach to the anus.
intestine
an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall.
typhlosole
glucose is the primary fuel for cells
glucose regulation
polymer composed of many glucose molecules. This is how surplus glucose is stored in the liver and muscles
glycogen
reaction to the stimulus of blood glucose rising after eating
insulin
reaction to the stimulus of blood sugar dropping below a certain point
glucagon
deficient in calories
undernourishment
excessive food intake
overnourishment
from fat
Satiety signal
leptin
: from small intestine
Satiety signal
pyy
from pancreas
Satiety signal
insulin
from stomach
Hunger signal
ghrelin
detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, it secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines; also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.
liver
a small pouch that sits just under the liver. stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, it is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, it may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.
In response to signals, it squeezes stored bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile helps digest fats, but itself is not essential.
gallblader
a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in it are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.
pancreas
tendency for molecules to spread out evenly over the available space
diffusion
diffusion of substances across a biological membrane
passive transport
diffusion of substances across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
: total solute concentration
osmolarity
osmolarity is the same on opposite sides of the permeable membrane.
isoosmotic
side of the membrane with higher osmolarity.
hyperosmotic
side of the membrane with lower osmolarity.
hypoospmotic
organisms that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity
stenohaline
organisms that can tolerate large changes in external osmolarity
euryhaline
organism that dose not actively adjust internal osmolarity.
osmoconformers
organism that must actively adjust internal osmolarity.
osmoregulator
Marine fish are (x) to their environment
hypoosmotic
(x) fish drink lots of water and excrete lots of salt and little water
marine
Freshwater fish are (x) to their envirnoment
hyperosmotic
(x) fish excrete lots of water and little salt
freshwater
layer (or layers) of specialized cells that regulate solute movements.
These are primarily for osmotic regulation and disposal of metabolic wastes.
transport epithelium
Most terrestrial organisms gain water by:
drinking, eating, metabolism
How do most terrestrial organisms loose water?
respiration, skin surfaces, urine and feces
how small kangaroo rat gets water
mostly metabolism, some food
how humans get water
mostly liquids, some food, little metabolism
how small kangaroo losses water
mostly evaporation, some urine, little feces
how humans loose water
mostly urine, some evaporation, little feces
as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they loose to evaporation
less
as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they make due to metatabolism
less
fur (x) water loss
lessens
Low energy
Very toxic
Excreted with a lot of water
ammonia
High energy to generate
less toxic
Excreted with less water
urea
Even Higher energy to generate
least toxic
Excreted as a paste
uric acid
removes filtrate from body fluids through
selectively permeable membrane
filtration
reclaims of valuable substances and
returns them to the body fluid. eg glucose
reabsorption
extraction of toxins and excess ions
from body fluid.
secretion
filtrate leaves the system.
excretion
made up of many flame cells. In the flame cells, there are cilia at the ‘tips’, as you can see in the diagram. They beat, creating a sort of vacuum that sucks out substances on the other side of the membrane. This gets filtered, things are reabsorbed as appropriate & the waste is excreted through the nephridiopore (your one opening). This is mostly for osmoregulation.
protenphridia
Fluid in the body cavity filters into the hollow cell. the cilia wave filtered urine down the tube to the outside
flame bulb
a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph.
malpighain tubules
the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
nephron
