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Biology 1 > Animals lecture 16 & 17 > Flashcards

Animals lecture 16 & 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

organism that feeds on plants and/or algae

A

herbivore

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2
Q

feeds on animals

A

carnivore

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3
Q

feeds on plants and animals

A

omnivore

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4
Q

narrow diet.

A

stenophagus

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5
Q

wide diet.

A

euryphagus

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6
Q

tradeoff of euryphagus

A

ineffiencient

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7
Q

tradeoff of stenophagus

A

food availability

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8
Q

changes diet as matures; ex: frog

A

ontogenetic diet shifting

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9
Q

filter suspended particles or organisms out of the water column; ex: sponge

A

filter (suspension) feeders

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10
Q

suck nutrients from host; ex: mosquito, leech

A

fluid feeders

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11
Q

: live in or on food source and eat their way through; ex: catepillars

A

substrate feeders

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12
Q

eat large pieces of food; ex: snake

A

bulk feeders

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13
Q

examples of feeding adaptations of bulk feeders

A

long projectile tongues, pinchers, tooth distrubtion, venom

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14
Q

diverse group of toxins which clinically cause paralytic effects mediated at the neuromuscular junction

A

neurotoxin venom

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15
Q

destroys red blood cells – causes hemolysis, disrupts blood clotting, and also attacks other types of cells and tissues – causing profound tissue damage and often, organ failure. … Their venom literally kills and dissolves tissue including bone

A

hemotoxic venom

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16
Q

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

A

pharynx

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17
Q

a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters it through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter; secretes acid and enzymes that digest food

A

stomach

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18
Q

a muscular, thick-walled part of a bird’s stomach for grinding food, typically with grit.

A

gizzard

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19
Q

the lower part of the alimentary canal from the end of the stomach to the anus.

A

intestine

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20
Q

an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall.

A

typhlosole

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21
Q

glucose is the primary fuel for cells

A

glucose regulation

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22
Q

polymer composed of many glucose molecules. This is how surplus glucose is stored in the liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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23
Q

reaction to the stimulus of blood glucose rising after eating

A

insulin

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24
Q

reaction to the stimulus of blood sugar dropping below a certain point

A

glucagon

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25
Q

deficient in calories

A

undernourishment

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26
Q

excessive food intake

A

overnourishment

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27
Q

from fat

Satiety signal

A

leptin

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28
Q

: from small intestine

Satiety signal

A

pyy

29
Q

from pancreas

Satiety signal

A

insulin

30
Q

from stomach

Hunger signal

A

ghrelin

31
Q

detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, it secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines; also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.

A

liver

32
Q

a small pouch that sits just under the liver. stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, it is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, it may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear.

In response to signals, it squeezes stored bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile helps digest fats, but itself is not essential.

A

gallblader

33
Q

a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in it are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.

A

pancreas

34
Q

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly over the available space

A

diffusion

35
Q

diffusion of substances across a biological membrane

A

passive transport

36
Q

diffusion of substances across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

37
Q

: total solute concentration

A

osmolarity

38
Q

osmolarity is the same on opposite sides of the permeable membrane.

A

isoosmotic

39
Q

side of the membrane with higher osmolarity.

A

hyperosmotic

40
Q

side of the membrane with lower osmolarity.

A

hypoospmotic

41
Q

organisms that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity

A

stenohaline

42
Q

organisms that can tolerate large changes in external osmolarity

A

euryhaline

43
Q

organism that dose not actively adjust internal osmolarity.

A

osmoconformers

44
Q

organism that must actively adjust internal osmolarity.

A

osmoregulator

45
Q

Marine fish are (x) to their environment

A

hypoosmotic

46
Q

(x) fish drink lots of water and excrete lots of salt and little water

A

marine

47
Q

Freshwater fish are (x) to their envirnoment

A

hyperosmotic

48
Q

(x) fish excrete lots of water and little salt

A

freshwater

49
Q

layer (or layers) of specialized cells that regulate solute movements.
These are primarily for osmotic regulation and disposal of metabolic wastes.

A

transport epithelium

50
Q

Most terrestrial organisms gain water by:

A

drinking, eating, metabolism

51
Q

How do most terrestrial organisms loose water?

A

respiration, skin surfaces, urine and feces

52
Q

how small kangaroo rat gets water

A

mostly metabolism, some food

53
Q

how humans get water

A

mostly liquids, some food, little metabolism

54
Q

how small kangaroo losses water

A

mostly evaporation, some urine, little feces

55
Q

how humans loose water

A

mostly urine, some evaporation, little feces

56
Q

as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they loose to evaporation

A

less

57
Q

as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they make due to metatabolism

A

less

58
Q

fur (x) water loss

A

lessens

59
Q

Low energy
Very toxic
Excreted with a lot of water

A

ammonia

60
Q

High energy to generate
less toxic
Excreted with less water

A

urea

61
Q

Even Higher energy to generate
least toxic
Excreted as a paste

A

uric acid

62
Q

removes filtrate from body fluids through

selectively permeable membrane

A

filtration

63
Q

reclaims of valuable substances and

returns them to the body fluid. eg glucose

A

reabsorption

64
Q

extraction of toxins and excess ions

from body fluid.

A

secretion

65
Q

filtrate leaves the system.

A

excretion

66
Q

made up of many flame cells. In the flame cells, there are cilia at the ‘tips’, as you can see in the diagram. They beat, creating a sort of vacuum that sucks out substances on the other side of the membrane. This gets filtered, things are reabsorbed as appropriate & the waste is excreted through the nephridiopore (your one opening). This is mostly for osmoregulation.

A

protenphridia

67
Q

Fluid in the body cavity filters into the hollow cell. the cilia wave filtered urine down the tube to the outside

A

flame bulb

68
Q

a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph.

A

malpighain tubules

69
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

A

nephron

Biology 1 (14 decks)

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