bucheim part 2 Flashcards
a diverse collection of organisms. while exceptions exist, they are primarily mfilamentousicroscopic and unicellular. the cells of them are highly organized with a nucleus and specialized cellular machinery called organelles. eukaryotic
protista
organism that contains one cell
unicellular
individual protists that form a colony and act as a larger, multicellular organism. this may consist of many individual protsits of the same species, but what’s really cool about them is that instead of acting as individuals they work together to function as one large group, benefiting from each other
colonial
single algae cells that form long visible chains or threads. these interwine forming a mat that resembles wet wool
filamentous
made up of many cells
multicellular
if it has a single set of chromosomes, each one not being part of a pair. “n”. ex: gametes *sperm and ova)
haploid
have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. nearly all mammals are these
diploid
light-capturing bilanes found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae
phycobilin
which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrtion
mixotroph
process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount o fgenetic info. htese cells are our sex cells- sperm and eggs
meiosis
the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other
mitosis
the production of new living organsims by combining genetic info from two individuals of different types (sexes).in most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (Female0
sexual reprodcution
a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of theat parent only; does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never changes the number of chromosomes
asexual reproduction
That fact that mitochondria have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, supports this theory, as does the existence of the amoeba, a eukaryotic organism that lacks mitochondria and therefore requires a symbiotic relationship with an aerobic bacterium.
endosymbiosis
an american evolutionary theorist, science author, educator, and popularizer, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in biological evolution
margulis, L
aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, thought they often grow in colonies large enough to see. they have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old. they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth
cyanobacteria
main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the phtotosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the enery-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freezing oxygen from water
chloroplast
the plastid is a maajor double-membrane organelle found, among others, in the cells of plants and algae. plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. they often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s color. they possess a double stranded dna molecule that is circular, like that of prokaryotic cells
rhodoplast
the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. an organsims may then use that organism to its advantage. if a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthetic alga cell, the larger organsim can then use the products of the alga and become an autotrophic organims. scientist believe that this process has only happened a few times in history and is what leads to the creation and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. an instance of this process would be when a cell long ago engulfted a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. the bacterium would then beome a plastid inside the cell and begin to share genetic material. this plastid over time evolved to become the current chloroplast
primary endosymbiosis
when a eukaryotic cell engolfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis. this process has happened very often through time and has lead tot he greawt genetic diversity we find on earth. creates double membrane; the reason that mitochondrai and chloroplasts have a double phospholipid bi-layer
secondary endosymbiosis
the main difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis is that
after the cell is engulfed it becomes dependent on the larger cell; it cannot leave and return to its original state
a prominent group of free-living, aquatic flagellates with diverse modes of nutrition, including bacterivory (generally consumers of small prey cells like bacteria), eukaryovory (generally consumers of large prey cells like other microeukaryotes), osmotrophy (absorbers of organic molecules) and photoautotrophy (referred to as “euglenophytes”). The presence of both phagotrophic and photautotrophic species.The amount of morphological and behavioral diversity present in this group is exceptionally high (e.g. see title illustrations and Fig. 1) and provides compelling evidence for major events in eukaryote evolution, such as the punctuated effects of secondary endosymbiosis and mutations in underlying developmental mechanisms
euglenids
major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species. most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton
stramenopiles
parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases. one end, the apex, contains a complec of organelles specialized for penetrating a host. they have nonphotosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast. most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or mroe idfferent host species for completion
apicoplexans
unicellular protists which exibit a great diversity of form. many are photosynthetic. some capable of producing their own light. some are parasitic. sometimes produce a “red tide” in marine water, making lots of marine life suffer because they produce a neurtoxin that affects muscle function.
dinoflaggelates
supergroup of protists that are defined by an asymmetrical appearance with a feeding groove that is excavated from one side; includes various types of organsims which are parasitic, phtotosynthetic and heterotrophic predators. include the protists diplomonads, parabasilds, and euglenozoans
excavata
as they sway like vibrating feathers all along the edge of the organisms, the cilia sweep food particles into the paramecium’s this
oral groove
a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of dna called kinetoplast. they include free-living consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrail ecosystems. this group includes trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans (tsetse fly) and chagas disease (reduviid bug)
kinetoplastida
a large group of flagellate protozoa. they include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. two main subgroups are euglenids and kinetoplastids
euglenezoa
a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of dna
kinetoplast
causes sleeping sickness in humans and chagas disease
tyrpanosoma
any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis) in humans
tstetse fly
infection from the flagellate protozoan trypanosoma transmitted by the tsetse fly. characterized by fever, inflammatioin of the lymph nodes, and involvement of the brain and spinal cord leading to profound lethargy, frequently ending in death. occur in the area extending from the west coast of africa eastward to the east african lakes and southeward to the congo river basin
sleeping sickness
a type of bug that can carry the parasite trypanosoma cruzi that causes chagas disease
reduviid bug
caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animasls and people by insect vectors that are found only in the americas. refers to the as the american trypanosomiasis
chagas disease
genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. As photosynthetic protists, Euglena have a taxonomy that is somewhat contentious, and the genus is often placed either in the phylum Euglenozoa or the algal phylum Euglenophyta.
euglena
an organelle composed of carotenoid pigment granules. the red spot is not thought to be photosensitive. rather, it filter sunlight that falls on a light detecting structure at the base of the flagellum, allowing only certain wavelengths of light to reach it. as the cell rotates with respect to the light source, this partially blocks the source, permitting the euglena to find the light and move toward it
eyespot
a vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction.
contractile vacuole
monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event
chromalveolata
Detailed studies of the internal structure of these protists demonstrates that they all share a system of sacs underneath their cell membranes. These closely packed sacs are called alveoli.
include some of the most familiar and numerous protist groups, including the Ciliata, or ciliates, such as Paramecium and Stentor. The ciliates are the most diverse group of heterotrophic protists, with 7000 species.
alveolates
parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases and end, the apex, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating a host. they have nonphotosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast. msot ahve sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion; one causes malaria
apicoplexans
a large varied group of protists are named for their use of cilia to move and feed. they have macronuclei and micronuclei.
ciliates
includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae. most have a “hairy” flagellum paired with a “smooth” flagellum
stramenopiles
unicellular algae (chl a & c) with a unique two part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica; usualy reproduce asexaully, and occasionally sexually
diatoms
the largest and msot complex algae; all are multicellular, and most are marine; include many species commonly called “seaweeds”; have the most complex multicellular anatomy of all aglae
brown algae
nonphotosynthetic plastid
apicoplast
the parasite that causes malaria; requires both mosquitos and humans to complete its life cycle; approx 2 million people die each year from malaria
plasmodium
spread by mosquitos; done by the parasite plasmodium; Symptoms are chills, fever, and sweating, usually occurring a few weeks after being bitten.
malaria
a motile sporelike stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g., the malaria organism) that is typically the infective agent introduced into a host; develop into merozites
sporozoite
within a mosquito develop into sporozoites.ingested by the mosquito to continue cycle
gametocytes
released into the bloodstream and infect red blood cells. Rapid division of these results in the destruction of the red blood cells, and the newly multiplied things then infect new red blood cells
merozoite
a cyst containing a zygote formed by a parasitic protozoan such as the malaria parasite.
oocyst
is the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division; responsible for reproduction
micronucleus
is the larger type of nucleus in ciliates. are polyploid and undergo direct division without mitosis. It controls the non-reproductive cell functions, such as metabolism.
macronucleus
move liquid past the surface of the cell. For single cells, such as sperm, this enables them to swim. For cells anchored in a tissue, like the epithelial cells lining our air passages, this moves liquid over the surface of the cell
cilia
used to make glass
silica
plant pigments responsible for bright red, yellow and orange hues in many fruits and vegetables. These pigments play an important role in plant health. People who eat foods containing carotenoids get protective health benefits as well.; help plants absorb light energy
carotenoids
brown algae, are a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and for the habitats they form
phaeophyta
refers to several species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. The term includes some types of red, brown, and green algae.
seaweeds
are large seaweeds belonging to the brown algae in the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genera. grows in “underwater forests” in shallow oceans, and is thought to have appeared in the Miocene, 23 to 5 million years ago
kelp
plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms like liverworts. is composed of filaments or plates of cells and ranges in size from a unicellular structure to a complex treelike form. It has a simple structure that lacks specialized tissues typical of higher plants, such as a stem, leaves, and conducting tissue
thallus
a stalked organ by which an alga or other simple aquatic plant or animal is attached to a substrate
holdfast
A stalk, especially of fungal fruiting bodies or of large brown algae
stipe
The expanded part of a leaf or petal. Especially a leaf of grass or the broad portion of a leaf as distinct from the petiole
blade
a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms. The generations are alternately sexual and asexual (as in ferns) or dioecious and parthenogenetic (as in some jellyfish).
alternation of generations
the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase of alternaton of generation, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises, dominant in bryophytes (mosses)
gametophyte
(in the life cycle of plants with alternating generations) the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g., the frond of a fern.
sporophyte
the sporophyte and gametophyte are morphologically similar or identical;
isomorphic
alternation of generations, in which the sporophyte and gametophyte are distinctly different.
heteromorphic
a type of seaweed that is native to Japan.contains iodine, an element that the body needs to make thyroid hormones. It is also a rich source of iron and potassium. Despite serious safety concerns about laminaria, some people use laminaria as medicine.
is used for weight loss, high blood pressure, as a bulk laxative for constipation, and for treating radiation sickness. It is also used for preventing cancer
laminaria
a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some algae, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves.
zoospore
an enclosure in which spores are formed.[2] It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form thisat some point in their life cycle. can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, these are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.
sporangia
a specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and some other plants
gametangia
the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants; a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes (called antherozoids or sperm)
antheridiea
Any of the cells that give rise through mitosis to the oocytes and are found in the ovaries of vertebrates.
2. A female reproductive structure in certain thallophytes and in oomycetes, usually a rounded cell or sac containing one or more oospheres.
oogonia
a supergroup of protists, typically amoebas, that are characterized by the presence of needle-like pseudopodia.
rhizaria
threadlike a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.
filose pseudopodia
broad, thick a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.
lobose pseudopodia
single-celled protists with shells. Their shells are also referred to as tests because in some forms the protoplasm covers the exterior of the shell. The shells are commonly divided into chambers which are added during growth, though the simplest forms are open tubes or hollow spheres. Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or crystalline calcite
foraminefera
shells of foraminefera
tests
a genus of planktonic Foraminifera that have populated the world’s oceans since the Middle Jurassic
globigerina
members of a taxonomic supergroup that includes the Amoebozoa and its sister clade, the Opisthokonta, which includes the Fungi, Animals and the Choanomonada, or Choanoflagellates.
unikont
a type of protist that is characterized by the presence of pseudopodia which they use for locomotion and feeding. can live in either marine and fresh water or in soil.
amoebozoans
This group contains the true fungi and their protist relatives (the chytrids) and the animals and their protist relatives (the choanoflagellates).
opisthokont
amoeba-like organisms with filose (thread-like) pseudopodia. These pseudopodia assist the nucleariid with cell movement as well as sensing and consuming prey.
nucleariids
any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria and some protists, is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. ] do not photosynthesise. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. are the principal decomposers in ecological systems.
fungi
multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives; aka metazoa
animals
a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.
choanoflagellates
Actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists. Also feed on detrius (non-living organic material)
Part of the Amoebazoans and the Unikonta group
gymnaamobea
a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.
entamoeba
