bucheim part 2 Flashcards
a diverse collection of organisms. while exceptions exist, they are primarily mfilamentousicroscopic and unicellular. the cells of them are highly organized with a nucleus and specialized cellular machinery called organelles. eukaryotic
protista
organism that contains one cell
unicellular
individual protists that form a colony and act as a larger, multicellular organism. this may consist of many individual protsits of the same species, but what’s really cool about them is that instead of acting as individuals they work together to function as one large group, benefiting from each other
colonial
single algae cells that form long visible chains or threads. these interwine forming a mat that resembles wet wool
filamentous
made up of many cells
multicellular
if it has a single set of chromosomes, each one not being part of a pair. “n”. ex: gametes *sperm and ova)
haploid
have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father. nearly all mammals are these
diploid
light-capturing bilanes found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae
phycobilin
which combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrtion
mixotroph
process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount o fgenetic info. htese cells are our sex cells- sperm and eggs
meiosis
the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other
mitosis
the production of new living organsims by combining genetic info from two individuals of different types (sexes).in most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (Female0
sexual reprodcution
a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of theat parent only; does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never changes the number of chromosomes
asexual reproduction
That fact that mitochondria have their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, supports this theory, as does the existence of the amoeba, a eukaryotic organism that lacks mitochondria and therefore requires a symbiotic relationship with an aerobic bacterium.
endosymbiosis
an american evolutionary theorist, science author, educator, and popularizer, and was the primary modern proponent for the significance of symbiosis in biological evolution
margulis, L
aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, thought they often grow in colonies large enough to see. they have the distinction of being the oldest known fossils, more than 3.5 billion years old. they are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on earth
cyanobacteria
main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the phtotosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the enery-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freezing oxygen from water
chloroplast
the plastid is a maajor double-membrane organelle found, among others, in the cells of plants and algae. plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. they often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s color. they possess a double stranded dna molecule that is circular, like that of prokaryotic cells
rhodoplast
the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote. an organsims may then use that organism to its advantage. if a eukaryotic cell engulfs a photosynthetic alga cell, the larger organsim can then use the products of the alga and become an autotrophic organims. scientist believe that this process has only happened a few times in history and is what leads to the creation and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. an instance of this process would be when a cell long ago engulfted a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. the bacterium would then beome a plastid inside the cell and begin to share genetic material. this plastid over time evolved to become the current chloroplast
primary endosymbiosis
when a eukaryotic cell engolfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis. this process has happened very often through time and has lead tot he greawt genetic diversity we find on earth. creates double membrane; the reason that mitochondrai and chloroplasts have a double phospholipid bi-layer
secondary endosymbiosis
the main difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis is that
after the cell is engulfed it becomes dependent on the larger cell; it cannot leave and return to its original state
a prominent group of free-living, aquatic flagellates with diverse modes of nutrition, including bacterivory (generally consumers of small prey cells like bacteria), eukaryovory (generally consumers of large prey cells like other microeukaryotes), osmotrophy (absorbers of organic molecules) and photoautotrophy (referred to as “euglenophytes”). The presence of both phagotrophic and photautotrophic species.The amount of morphological and behavioral diversity present in this group is exceptionally high (e.g. see title illustrations and Fig. 1) and provides compelling evidence for major events in eukaryote evolution, such as the punctuated effects of secondary endosymbiosis and mutations in underlying developmental mechanisms
euglenids
major line of eukaryotes currently containing more than 25,000 known species. most are algae, ranging from the giant multicellular kelp to the unicellular diatoms, which are a primary component of plankton
stramenopiles
parasites of animals, and some cause serious human diseases. one end, the apex, contains a complec of organelles specialized for penetrating a host. they have nonphotosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast. most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or mroe idfferent host species for completion
apicoplexans
unicellular protists which exibit a great diversity of form. many are photosynthetic. some capable of producing their own light. some are parasitic. sometimes produce a “red tide” in marine water, making lots of marine life suffer because they produce a neurtoxin that affects muscle function.
dinoflaggelates
supergroup of protists that are defined by an asymmetrical appearance with a feeding groove that is excavated from one side; includes various types of organsims which are parasitic, phtotosynthetic and heterotrophic predators. include the protists diplomonads, parabasilds, and euglenozoans
excavata
as they sway like vibrating feathers all along the edge of the organisms, the cilia sweep food particles into the paramecium’s this
oral groove
a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of dna called kinetoplast. they include free-living consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrail ecosystems. this group includes trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans (tsetse fly) and chagas disease (reduviid bug)
kinetoplastida
a large group of flagellate protozoa. they include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. two main subgroups are euglenids and kinetoplastids
euglenezoa
a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of dna
kinetoplast
causes sleeping sickness in humans and chagas disease
tyrpanosoma
any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis) in humans
tstetse fly
infection from the flagellate protozoan trypanosoma transmitted by the tsetse fly. characterized by fever, inflammatioin of the lymph nodes, and involvement of the brain and spinal cord leading to profound lethargy, frequently ending in death. occur in the area extending from the west coast of africa eastward to the east african lakes and southeward to the congo river basin
sleeping sickness
a type of bug that can carry the parasite trypanosoma cruzi that causes chagas disease
reduviid bug
caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animasls and people by insect vectors that are found only in the americas. refers to the as the american trypanosomiasis
chagas disease
genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. As photosynthetic protists, Euglena have a taxonomy that is somewhat contentious, and the genus is often placed either in the phylum Euglenozoa or the algal phylum Euglenophyta.
euglena
