Animals lecture 2-8 Flashcards
What makes it an animal
Eukaryote, multicellular, heterotropic
an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth
Heterotrophic
Metazoa
Animalia
Complex unicellular, closest thing to animals
Choanophlagelates
Non-motile
Sessile
Lives on bottom
Benthic
Sponges are not a
Monophyletic group
Marine and freshwater, sessile and benthic, suspension feeders
Sponges
These distinctive cells line the interior body walls of sponges. These cells have a central flagellum that is surrounded by a collar of microvilli. It is their striking resemblance to the single-celled protists called choanoflagellates that make many scientists believe that choanoflagellates are the sister group to the animals. versatile cells. Their flagella beat to create the active pumping of water through the sponge, while the collars are the primary areas that nutrients are absorbed into the sponge.
Choanocytes
Tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge known as ostia.
Porocytes
mobile cell (moving like an amoeba) in the body of invertebrates such as echinoderms, mollusks, tunicates or sponges. They move by pseudopodia.
Amoebocytes
a minute sharp-pointed object or structure that is typically present in large numbers, such as a fine particle of ice.
Spicules
Make the collagen related protein spongin which can be found in the mesophyl
Spongocytes
Spicules are calcium carbonate, less diversity
Calcarea
Spicules are made of silica; more diverse
Silicarea
Biochemicals that are not necessary for “normal” physiology or development
Secondary metabolites
a situation where to gain some advantage, you have to pay a price. Big brains in people are a good example. Our brains are certainly nice to have but they are costly in terms of the energy they use up, make childbirth difficult, and are easily damaged.
Trade off
Animals with true tissues
Eumetazoa
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue.
Ectoderm
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures.
Endoderm
In the water column, not on bottom or top
Pelagic
All marine, mostly pelagic, 8 combs of Cilia that propel the animal
Ctenophora
responsible for both the digestion of food and the transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one opening to the environment. Food goes in and waste comes out that same opening, making it a two-way digestive tract.
Gastrovascular cavity
Most cnidarians, marine, polyp stage only , sessile and colonial, asexual or sexual
Anthozoa
Mostly marine, polyp and medusa in most, sexual and asexual, Portuguese man of war
Hydrozoans
Less diverse, all marine, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual
Syphozoans
Least diverse, marine, box jellies, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual, sea wasps, potent neurotoxins
Cubozoans
Mostly marine, polyp and medusa in most, sexual and asexual, Portuguese man of war
Hydrozoans
Less diverse, all marine, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual
Syphozoans
Least diverse, marine, box jellies, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual, sea wasps, potent neurotoxins
Cubozoans
Stinging cell
Cnidocyte
Coiled thread like stinger
Nematocyste
Radiata are
Diploblastic
Bilataria are
Triploblastic
Triploblastic layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Non-living layer in diploblastic
Mesoglea
Gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and digestive tract
Endooderm
Gives rise to notochord, skeleton, muscles, kindys, most of circulatory system
Mesoderm
Gives rise to nervous system, ears,
Ectoderm
Body cavity
Coelom
Tube with in a tube, digestive tract of a linear body plan, fully lined by mesoderm
Coelomate
Platyhelminthys, ectoprocta, phoronida, brachiopoda, annelida, mollusca, nemertea, rotifera
Lophotrochozoa
Platy
Flat
Endoparasites, complex life cycle, multiple hosts, can cause extra limbs in hosts, usually one vertebrate and one in
Trematoda
Parasitic, tiny
Monogenea
Endoparasites, complex life cycle, multiple hosts
Trematoda
Can cause extra limbs in host, usually one vertebrae one invertebrae
Trematoda
Endoparasites, complex life cycles, multiple hosts, has head and egg segments
Cestoda
Ecto
Outside
Procto
Anus
Mostly marine, some fresh, sessile, often colonial, ciliated lophomore feeding structure, coelomate body cavity, muscles for retracting lophofore
Ectoprocta
Sessile, marine, secrete chitonous tubes, colonial, u-shaped gut, asexual and sexual
Phoronida, horseshoe worm
Marine worm with dorsal and ventral shell, part chitin part calcium carbonate, shell on top of a stalk called the pidicle, feathery clam, sessile, benthic
Brachiopoda, lamp shell
Chaeta
Hair stuff
Ecto
Outside
Procto
Anus
Mostly marine, some fresh, sessile, often colonial, ciliated lophomore feeding structure, coelomate body cavity, muscles for retracting lophofore
Ectoprocta
Sessile, marine, secrete chitonous tubes, colonial, u-shaped gut, asexual and sexual
Phoronida, horseshoe worm
Marine worm with dorsal and ventral shell, part chitin part calcium carbonate, shell on top of a stalk called the pidicle, feathery clam, sessile, benthic
Brachiopoda, lamp shell
Unsegmented worms, mostly marine but some fresh and terrestrial, free living, predatory, asexual and hermaphroditic,
Nemertea
Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, asexual and sexual,
Annelida
3 classes of annelida
Oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea
Poly
Many
Oligo
Few
Mostly terrestrial, some fresh and marine, segments go through whole body
Oligochaeta
Used for movement, fend off predators, sensory, respiration
Chaeta
Primarily marine, few terrestrial; most diverse of annelida,
Polychaeta
Terrestrial and freshwater, some predatory and others hemaphagic, medicinal purposes, anticoagulent
Hirudinea
Phagic
Eat
Hemo
Blood
Hirudin
Anticoagulant peptide
marine, living in rocky shorelines, 8 overlapping plates, produces magnetite
Polyplacophora (chitons)
One of the hardest substances an animal can make
Magnetite
Marine and freshwater; two valves, al to of clams burry inside of something with only the siphon hanging out; use acid to get inside of hard substrate
Bivalves
Something that is usually already there and will win
Incumbency
Gastro
Stomach
Pod
Foot
Occasionally have a shell, marine fresh or terrestrial, stomach foot
Gastropod
Predatory snails, harpoon prey
Cone snails
Marine, produce ink, big eye and brain, can change texture
Cephlapod
Pigment in ink
Melanin
Horomone that causes it to change color
Epinephran (fear hormone)
Important food source, used for jewelry and decoration, some are invasive
Mollusca
A beneficial relationship which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the othe
Endosymbiosis
Most reef-building corals contain this photosynthetic algae that live in their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship. The coral provides the algae with a protected environment and compounds they need for photosynthesis.
Zooanthellae
Happens when coral is stressed or has a divergent PH, coral is dying
Coral bleaching
Has one axis of symmetry; more complex
Bilaterial symmetry
Has many axis of symmetry
Radial symmetry
Living middle layer of an embryo in early development
Mesoderm
which is a fully functional body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate.
Pseudocoelomate
Any organism that lacks a cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract
Acoelomate
the anterior, headlike segment of a tapeworm, having suckers, hooks, or the like, for attachment.
Scolex
a horseshoe-shaped structure bearing ciliated tentacles around the mouth in certain small marine invertebrates.
Lophophore
an animal arising from another by budding or division, especially each of the individuals that make up a colonial organism and typically have different forms and functions.
Zooid
the planktonic larva of certain invertebrates, including some mollusks and polychaete worms, having a roughly spherical body, a band of cilia, and a spinning motion.
Trochophore
in some worms) an extensible tubular sucking organ.
Proboscis
Bristles on marine animals
Cetae
a partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.
Septum
An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem. include microorganisms such as bacteria and protists as well as larger organisms such as fungi, insects, worms, and isopod crustaceans.
Detritivore
an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus.
Radula
primary component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and crustaceans and is also found in the cell walls of fungi. It’s a polysaccharide, and it’s excreted by the epidermal cells in arthropods
Chitin
the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.
Biostratigraphy
Coating of pearls, strong and resilient and iridescent; mother of pearl
Nacre
Animals that are non-native to the ecosystem whose introduction causes harm; spread far
Invasive species
Ships carry a large amount of this which is often taken on the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo and discharge at the next port;; stabilize ships
Ballast water
Aquatic animals, such a starfish or barnacles, that live on the surface of a sea or lake bottom or rock, but that do not burrow into or beneath the surface
Epifaunal
Aquatic animals, such as clams or burrowing worms, that live beneath the surface of a sea or lake floor
Infaunal
Moulting of the cuticle layer; occurs in nematodes and arthropods
Ecdysis
Each stage in ecdysis for arthropods is called a
Instar
Live in aquatic soil and animal tissue, parasitic or free living, pseudocoloemate , complete digestive, sexual, cuticle, unsegmented
Nematoda
Model organism for development, aging, regeneration
C elegans
We contract from undercooked pigs that contract from mice, then it lives in digestive tract and larva in our tissues
Trichenella
Gets from one individual to another by mosquito; happens in dogs and humans commonly
Heart worm (diafilaria)
Most diverse group, coelomate, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton, occur in almost all habitats
Arthropod
Extinct by permian-Triassic, compound eyes, antennae and limbs
Trilobita
Almost entirely terrestrial, named after the fang they have, commonly have a venom gland, have a cephalothorax and abdomen
Cheliceriformes
Fang aka venom gland
Chelicera
Terrestrial, antennae and chewing mouth parts, centipedes and millipedes, segmented
Myriapoda
One pair of legs per segment, carnivorous
Centimpedes
Two pairs of legs per segment, herbivores
Millipedes
Crustaceans are not
Monophyletic
Parasitic, life cycle includes arthropod and vertebrae host, anterior protruding probocis, no mouth and alimentary cavity, hooks used to attach onto intestines, some can alter the behavior of their host
Acanthocephala
Often center of food webs
Arthropoda
You can tell how long a body has been there off of
What form of fly is living there
Paleozoic were all marine, modern ones in humid forests, limbs and attenuate but no setments, squirts out slime to get prey, sheds cuticles with tiny hairs sometimes, breathes through open passages in skin called trachea
Velvet worms (onychophora)
Extremist, inhabits freshwater saltwater and soil, freeswimming sessile or colonial, feeds on decomposing matter and unicellular algae, can survive desiccation 100 years
Rotifera (wheel bearers)
Extremist, lives in all environments, 4 segments, 4 unjointed legs, can survive extreme temps, pressure radiation, able to survive with hardly any chemical reactions, can survive with 2% watre, can survive desiccation
Tardigras (water bears)
An ametabolic state
Anabiosis
All chemical reactions happening in yourself
Metabolism
Parasitic, life cycle includes arthropod and vertebrae host, have an anterior protrudible procboscis, lack mouth and alimentary canal, hooks used to attatch to the intestine of the host, some can alter behavior of intermediate host, thorny headed worms
Acanthocephala
Larvae are parasites of arthropods while adults are free living; they alter the behavior of their hosts, mostly by making them go to the water when they want to get out of their host when they are adult
Nematomorpha
All marine, live in sea floor sediments, coastal and very deep, feeds on other worms, spines around mouth, has cuticle that can be shedded, no internal segments, caudal appendages thought to be used for respiration, spines around mouth, has cuticle layer that is moulted, external annuli but no internal segments, prosoma can be drawn into trunk used for locomotion
Priapula, catctus worm, PENIS WORM
Marine, live in mud, head completely retractable, cuticle layer, spines used for locomotion, no cilia but spines, spines used for locomotion
Kinorhyncha (mud dragon)
Rhncha
Nose
Kino
Movement
Inhabits deep sea sediments
Loricifera
Microscopic, found on mouth of lobster, complex life cycle with sessile and free swimming stages
Cycliophora
Smallest genome of any animal, can change shape, feed by phagocytosis or digestive enzymes, only 4 cell types, move by gliding, dorsal layer and ventral layer
Placozoa
a crown or crownlike structure.
Corona
the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body. Tail
Caudal appendages
Early cell divisions after fertilization
Cleavage
Mollusca, annelida, arthropods
Protosome
Echinoderms and cordates
Deutersome
Spiral and determinate
Protosome
Radial and indeterminate
Deutersome
Schizercloelus: solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Protosome
Entereocoleous: folds of archeteron form coelom
Deutersome
Mouth forms from blastopore
Protosome
Anus forms from blastopore
Deutersome
Echino
Spiny
Derm
Skin
Marin,e some free living some sessile, calcified plates below skin that are emsodermally formed, thin epidermis that has pigment, mechanorecepotors, and sometimes toxic secreting cells, can regenerate a limb, mouth on bottom and anus on top
Echinodermata
In echinoderms, larva has _ symmetry
Bilaterial
In echinoderms, adult has __ symmetry
Radial
Echino
Spiny
Derm
Skin
Marin,e some free living some sessile, calcified plates below skin that are emsodermally formed, thin epidermis that has pigment, mechanorecepotors, and sometimes toxic secreting cells, can regenerate a limb, mouth on bottom and anus on top
Echinodermata
In echinoderms, larva has _ symmetry
Bilaterial
In echinoderms, adult has __ symmetry
Radial
Blasto
Bud
Relatively sessile, scavengers or filter feeders, eviceration, echinoderms laying on its side
Sea cucumber, holothurodiea
Oid
Similar to
Mostly active predators, sea stars
Asteroidea
Ophio
Snake
No suckers move by lashing out feet, active feeders or filter feeders, photoreceptors, name means snake
Ophiouridea
Relatively sessile, scavengers or filter feeders, eviceration, echinoderms laying on its side
Sea cucumber, holothuroidea
Get rid of your external organs
Eviceration
Relatively sessile, grazers or scavengers or predatory, sea urchins and sand dollars
Echinoidea
Species in a habitat that is incredibly important to the balance of that habitat; comes from the name for the tip of an arch; ex: sea stars\
Keystone species
Marine, lives in mud or under rocks, acorn worms
Hemichordates
All chordates have these at some point in their lives
Muscular post-anal tail, notochord, dorsal nerve, pharanygeal slits
solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Schizocoelous
folds of archeteron form coelom
Enterocolous
a perforated plate by which the entry of seawater into the vascular system of an echinoderm is controlled.
Madreporite
Brain case
Cranium
specialised cells that secrete the mineralized structures in the body wall of some invertebrates.
In sponges they secrete calcareous or siliceous spicules which are found in the mesohyl layer of sponges.
sclerocytes
each segment in the strobila of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system.
proglottid
4 classes of cnidarians
anthozoans, hydrozoans, scyphozoans, cubozoans
examples of anthozoans
sea anemones, corals
2 layrs of living cells: ectoderma nd endoderm
diploblastic
2 layrs of living cells: ecto, meso, and endoderm
triploblastic
gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and lining of digestive tract
endoderm
gives rise to: notochord, lining of coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of circulatory system
mesoderm
gives rise to outer covering, nervous system components in some phyla, inner ear, lens of eye
ectoderm
platyhelminthes (flatworms) classes
turbellaria, monogenea, trematoda, cestoda
flatworm with only one opening that goes in and out of body, regenerates very well, free living, non parasitic
turbellaria
flatworm, external parasites iwth simple lifestyles, very small, in large numbers can be harmful, thousands of species but not studied often
monogenea
flatworm, endoparasites, 20,000 species, complex life cycle, multiple hosts, can cause extra limbs,
trematoda
flatworms, endoparasite, complex life cycle, can use multiple hosts, has head and egg segments, we get it y eating muscles of infected animals
cestoda
the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. The process is regulated by food web pathways that decompose matter into mineral nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems.
soil cycling
the carcass of a cetacean that has fallen into the bathyal or abyssal zone (i.e. deeper than 1,000 m, or 3,300 ft) on the ocean floor.[2] They can create complex localized ecosystems that supply sustenance to deep-sea organisms for decades.[3] This is unlike in shallower waters, where a whale carcass will be consumed by scavengers over a relatively short period of time. It was with the development of deep-sea robotic exploration that whale falls were first observed in the late 1970s.[4]
whale fall communities
he habit of certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words, haima “blood” and phagein “to eat”). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without enormous effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding in many small animals such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut and about 75% of all species of leeches (e.g. Hirudo medicinalis)[citation needed], a free-living worm,
hemophagic
An anticlotting agent that prevents blood clots from traveling through the bloodstream to clog up a vessel
hirudin
platyhelminthes
flatoworms
ectoprocta
bryozoans
phoronida
phoronids
brachiopoda
brachipods or lamp shells
annelida
segmetned worms
mollusca
snails, clams, squid, octopus
nemertea
ribbon worms
individual is a zooid
ectoprocta
oligochaeta
earthworms and relatives
polychaeta
polychaets
hirudinea
leeches
classes of mollusca
polyplacophora, bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda
ex of polyplacophora
chitons
ex of bivalvia
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
ex of gastropoda
abalone, limpets, conch, nudibranchs, snails and slugs
cephalopoda
squid, octopodes, nautilus, cuttlefish
ex of gastropoda
abalone, limpets, conch, nudibranchs, snails and slugs
cephalopoda
squid, octopodes, nautilus, cuttlefish
(from the latin word for cloak) a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.
mantle
an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink.
ink sac
the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
head
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest.
thorax
The anterior section of arachnids and many crustaceans, consisting of the fused head and thorax.
cephalothroax
the part of the body of a vertebrate containing the digestive organs; the belly. In humans and other mammals, it is bounded by the diaphragm and the pelvis.
abdomen
any of a number of different organs through which the silk, gossamer, or thread of spiders, silkworms, and certain other insects is produced.
spinnerets
Any of the various glands in silk-spinning insects and spiders that secrete a fluid that hardens into silk on exposure to air.
silk gland
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
food web
the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
pollination
the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters.
forensic entomology
any agent (animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. ex: mosquito
disease vector
brachepod feed on top of the surface, i.e.
epifaunal
feed below the surface, helped survive mass extinction
infawnal
arthropod subphyla
trilobita, cheliceriformes, myriapoda, crustacea, hexapoda
trilobita ex
trilobites
cheliceriformes ex
spiders, mites, and scorpions
myriapoda ex
millipedes and centipedes
crustacea ex
lobsters, crabs, barnacles, etc
hexapoda ex
insects
you can tell how long a body has been there by
what stage of fly is in the body
look for dna to find a particular animal, can tell what animals and bacteria are here by filtering and sequencing a liquidd
environmental sequencing
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet.
water vascular system
each of a large number of small, flexible, hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra, used either for locomotion or for collecting food and operated by hydraulic pressure within the water-vascular system.
tube feet
extra sensitive, a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.
mechanoreceptor
larva echinoderms are
bilateral
adult echinoderms are
radial
crinoidea; filter feeders, sessile or free-swimming
sea lillies and feather stars
holothuroidea
sea cucumbers
echinoidea
sea urchins and sand dollars
hemichordates
acorn worms
urochordata
tunicates or sea squirts
urochordates only retain
pharynx with slits
cephalochordata
lancelets or amphioxus
cephalochordate retain
all 4 chordate characteristics
