Animals Lecture 9-11 Flashcards
base of the vertebrae
notochord
brain case
cranium
cartilagenous skull, lack jaws, lack vertebrate, small brain, eye and nasal opening, keratin based teeth, marine, bottom-dwelling scavengers
myxini hagfish
myxini
hagfish
freshwater and marine, jawless, larvae also known as ammocoetes larva, benthic filter feeders, similar to lanceletes, notochord is cartilage, keratin teeth, tongue has hard parts, adults are giant fish, ectoparasites, haemophagic, use rasping tongue to penetrate skin
petromyzontida, lamprey
petromyzontida
lamprey
stoma
mouth
gnatha
jaw
jaws evolve from (x)
ancestral pharyngeal gill arches
gnathostomes have
jaws, mineralized skeletons, appendicular skeleton
limbs are a part of the (x) skeleton
appendicular, some fins are apart of it as well
also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. it is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate, in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bones—vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. it houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses and protects the spinal cord
vertebral collumn
the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones or cartilage that support the appendages. Appendages appeared as fins in early fish, and subsequently evolved into the limbs of tetrapods.
appendicular skeleton
each of a pair of fins situated on either side just behind a fish’s head, helping to control the direction of movement during locomotion. They correspond to the forelimbs of other vertebrates.
pectoral fins
each of a pair of fins on the underside of a fish’s body, attached to the pelvic girdle and helping to control direction
pelvic fins
icthy
fish
chondro
cartilage
chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fishes
two different types of things together; prominent pectoral fins
chimera
osteo
bone
actinopterigii
ray-finned fish
pteri
wing
actino
ray
are there more marine or fresh water fish
equal
why are there so many more freshwater fish
freshwater is separated by land so more diverse fish evolve
dipnoi
lungfish
a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the these through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled.
lungs
an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.
swim bladder
each of the long, slender bony protuberances supporting the fins of most bony fishes.
fin rays
swim bladder is a derived version of a (x) used for buoyancy
lung
noi
lung
found in south american, africa, aulstralia, below equator, two breathing mechanisms, spend most of their lives living in a cuncoon, feeds during monsoon season, live for a year or three at a time in cucoon
dipnoi, lungfish
meaning of amphibia
double life
urodela ex
salamanders and newts
anurans ex
frogs and toads
apoda ex
caecilians
feathered, toothless, endotherms, gene sequence always comes up with reptiles as monophyletic group
birds
toothless, carapace and plastron shells,
turtles
squamates
lizards and snakes
squamate means
scaly
produce a toxic or repellent secretion with an effect on various vertebrate species; this is one of the principal elements in amphibian defense
granular gland
produce a mucus which plays a part in a variety of functions: cutaneous respiration, reproduction, thermoregulation and defense
mucous gland
The type of egg produced by reptiles, birds, and prototherian (egg-laying) mammals (amniotes), in which the embryo develops inside an amnion. The shell of the egg is either calcium-based or leathery.
amniotic egg
bony deposits forming scales, plates or other structures in the dermal layers of the skin
osteoderms
Scales and feathers are (x) based
keratin
rugose corals go extinct
permian-triassic
trilobites go extinct
permian-triassic
blastoids go extinct
permian-triassic
brachiopods go nearly extinct and continue with reduced diversity
permian-triassic
crinoids nearly extinct and continued with reduced diversity
permian-triassic
ammonites go extinct
creataceous-tertiary
hybodontid sharks go extinct
cretacious-tertiary
dinosaurs (except birds) go extinct
cretacious-tertiary
pterosuars go extinct
cretacious-tertiary
plesiosaurs go extinct
cretacious-tertiary
icthyosaurs go extinct
cretacious-tertiary
mammals diversified
pretty recently
most mesozoic mammals look like
rodents/possum
types of mammals
monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians
monotreme ex
platypus and kidna
only mammal group that lays eggs, have hair and mammary glands, urinary and digestive and reproductive all come out one whole, both male and female have mammary glands
monotremes
marsupial ex
kangaroo, possum, tasmanian devil
fetus huddle on nipple, short period of development, then baby climbs into pouch thing, a lot in australia and south america
marsupials
(x) usually do better than other groups when fighting for the same area
eutherians
originally from africa, ex: elephants, manatees
afrotheria
mostly in central and south america, only on in USA are armadillos; ex: sloths, anteaters
xenathra
(x) toes are good for running
one
animals that need to run often live in (x) environments
open area
odd toed ungulates
perissodactyla
perissodactyla ex
horse, rhino,
even toed ungulates
cetartiodactyla
cetartiodactyla ex
pigs, deer, giraffes, camels, cows, hippos, whales, dolphins
ex of carnivora
cats, dogs, bears, weasels, seals
chiroptera
bats
bats have long ass
fingers
keeping juvenile characteristics in adults
paedmorphic
only group of humans with no nethanderthal genes
africans
wealthy countries prodcue (x) offspring
less
overall, the population is getting
older
any of the fine threadlike strands growing from the skin of humans, mammals, and some other animals.
hair
the milk-producing gland of women or other female mammals.
mammary glands
a common cavity at the end of the digestive tract for the release of both excretory and genital products in vertebrates (except most mammals) and certain invertebrates. Specifically, the cloaca is present in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes.
cloaca
he more northern of two supercontinents that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent around 300 to 200 million years ago. Wikipedia
laurasia
an ancient supercontinent that broke up about 180 million years ago. The continent eventually split into landmasses we recognize today: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula.
gondwana
a pouch that protects eggs, offspring, or reproductive structures, especially the pouch of a female marsupial mammal.
marsupium
retention by an organism of juvenile or even larval traits into later life. There are two aspects of it: acceleration of sexual maturation relative to the rest of development (progenesis) and retardation of bodily development with respect to the onset of reproductive activity (neoteny).
paedomorphosis
a perforated plate by which the entry of seawater into the vascular system of an echinoderm is controlled.
madreporite
