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Biology 1 > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Capable of fixing inorganic carbon

A

Autotrophy

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2
Q

Organism that can fix inorganic carbon; that is an autotroph

A

Producer

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3
Q

An organism that must acquire carbon from organic sources

A

Consumer

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4
Q

Plastid associated with the “green” lineage of the archaeplastida

A

Chloroplast

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5
Q

Photosynthetic pigment found in all photo autotrophic eukaryotes that exhibits two absorption maxima in the red and blue range of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Chlorophyll a

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6
Q

Phonetic pigment found in all photo autotrophic virdiplantae that exhibits two absorption maxima in the red and blue range of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Chlorophyll b

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7
Q

Opening in epidermal surface of higher plants that allows for gas exchange and water loss

A

Stomata

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8
Q

Byproduct of aerobic respiration and principle substrate for oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Byproduct of oxygenic photosynthesis that is derived from the splitting of water

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

Middle layer of parenchyma cells in a typical leaf

A

Mesophyll

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11
Q

Disc-shaped membranes that house the photosynthetic pigments and may be arranged in stacks called grana when found in plastids

A

Tylakoid

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12
Q

Stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast

A

Grana

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13
Q

The space in a chloroplast between the thylakoids and the chloroplast membranes

A

Stroma

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14
Q

Oxidation and reduction

A

Redox

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15
Q

Light-independent of synthetic reactions of photosynthesis that is also known as c3 photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle

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16
Q

The Calvin cycle that is also known as the light-independent reactions or c3 photosynthesis

A

Synthetic reactions

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17
Q

Photosynthetic reactions involving the resonance transfer of light energy– harvested by photosynthetic pigments– into chemical nerdy in the form of ATP, reducing power in the form of NADPH, oxygen and protons (hydrogen ions)

A

Light reactions

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18
Q

Light reactions reduce NADP to NADPH which can be utilized to help drive the Calvin cycle

A

Nadp and NADPH

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19
Q

The enzyme ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylate-oxygenase (RUBISCO) is responsible for fixing inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) at the starting point of the Calvin Cycle

A

Carbon fixation

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20
Q

Three-carbon organic acids derived from the Calvin cycle are used to build more complex molecules such as sucrose which is the typical transport form of sugar for vascular plants

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

Radiant energy produced by electromagnetic processes that includes the visible spectrum of light

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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22
Q

Adenosine triphosphate has stored energy in a phosphate bond that is released when converted to adenosine diphosphate plus phosphate

A

ATP/ ADP

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23
Q

Light-mediated phosphorlyation of ADP to make ATP

A

Photophosphorlyation

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24
Q

A particular point on the electromagnetic spectrum that also alludes to one of the properties of light

A

Wavelength

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25
Q

A record of the magnitude of light absorbed across a range of wavelengths

A

Absorption spectrum

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26
Q

A record of the magnitude of a biological response across a range of wavelengths

A

Action spectrum

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27
Q

The conversion of light energy (as a photon) into chemical energy via resonance energy transfer

A

Electron excitation

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28
Q

Light-harvesting complex that receives electron from photo system II via an electron transport chain and then uses light energy to drive the electron to an excited state which can then facilitate the reduction of NADP to NADPH

A

Photosystem I

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29
Q

Light harvesting complex that uses light energy to drive an electron to an excited state which can then vacillate the splitting of water and the generation of a proton gradient for chemiosmosis via an electron transport chain

A

Photosystem II

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30
Q

The set of all photosynthetic pigments that collect light energy and channel the energy to the center of a photosystem

A

Light harvesting complex

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31
Q

The name given the relationship between photosystem II and photosystem I

A

Z scheme

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32
Q

RUBISCO

A

Ribulose 1,5- biphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase

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33
Q

The consequence of oxygen uptake by RUBISCO that requires ATO and generates carbon dioxide while yielding no products of photosynthesis such as sugar

A

Photorespiration

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34
Q

The Calvin cycle, the synthetic reactions of the light independent reactions that is so named because of the 3 carbon organic acids that serve as intermediates

A

C3 photosynthesis

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35
Q

Adaptation to inefficiencies in c3 photosynthesis that provides a physical separation between carbon fixation (in the mesothelioma via PEP carboxylase) and the Calvin cycle (in the bundle sheath)

A

C4 photosynthesis

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36
Q

Enzyme utilized in c4 photosynthesis for carbon fixation in the mesothelioma

A

PEP carboxylase

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37
Q

Site of localization of Calvin cycle in many c4 plants

A

Bundle sheath cells

38
Q

Mesothelioma cells in c4 plants form a “crown” around the bundle sheath cells

A

Kranz anatomy

39
Q

A 4 carbon organic acid that serves as a reservoir for carbon storage or transport in CAM or C4 photosynthesis

A

Malate

40
Q

Adaptation to water stress in plants that provides a temporal separation between carbon fixation (at night) and the Calvin cycle (during the day with the light reactions)

A

Crassly earn acid metabolism

41
Q

Plant type associated with arid habits (eg cacti ease or crassulaceae)

A

Succulent plant

42
Q

Movement of molecules that is aided by specialized structures (channels), the use of energy, or both

A

Active transport

43
Q

Movement of materials (sugar) in phloem (sieve cells) due to pressure gradient

A

Bulk flow

44
Q

Pressure of water due to the collective influence of solute and pressure potential

A

Water potetial

45
Q

Element of water potential due to dissolved materials

A

Solute potential

46
Q

Element of water potential due to physical pressure

A

Pressure potential

47
Q

Description of a plant cell that is fully pressurized by water

A

Turgor

48
Q

The contiguous living protoplasm of a plant

A

Symplast

49
Q

Non-living components of a plant (cell walls and intercellular spaces)

A

Apoplast

50
Q

Nanometer scale connections between protoplasm so far adjacent cells

A

Plasmodesmata

51
Q

The pull exerted by the evaporation of water from a plant via the stomata

A

Transpiraton

52
Q

A key trait of water that facilitates transpiration

A

Adhesion

53
Q

A key trait of water that facilitates transpiration

A

Cohesion

54
Q

A key trait of water that facilitates transpiration

A

Tension

55
Q

The movement of potassium ions from guard cells to surrounding epidermis

A

K efflux

56
Q

The movement of potassium ions from surrounding epidermis to guard cells

A

K influx

57
Q

Stress hormones responsible for regulating potassium flux in guard cells

A

Abscisic acid (aba)

58
Q

Movement of materials (sugar) in phloem (sieve cells) due to the presence of sucrose loading at one point and sucrose unloading at another point along the phloem stream

A

Source to sink

59
Q

One of two cells in the male gametophyte of flowering plants that divides to produce two sperm nuclei

A

Generative cell

60
Q

One of two nuclei in the male gametophyte of flowering plants that facilitates pollen tube development

A

Tube nucleus

61
Q

Small opening at the end of ovules that permits entry of pollen or pollen tube

A

Micropyle

62
Q

Outer protective layer of ovule that develops into seed coat

A

Integument

63
Q

Two cells of the female gametophyte in flowering plants that flank the egg

A

Synergic cells

64
Q

Three cells of the female gametophyte of flowering plants that is observed at the end opposite the egg

A

Antipodal cells

65
Q

Female gametophyte

A

Egg

66
Q

Two central cells/nuclei of the female gametophyte of flowering plants that will fuse with sperm to produce triploid endosperm

A

Polar nuclei

67
Q

Triploid tissue, formed from union of sperm and two polar nuclei, that provides nutrition for the growing embryo of flowering plants

A

Endosperm

68
Q

Seed leaf

A

Cotyledon

69
Q

Sheath of tissue that surrounds epicotyl of manymonocot seeds

A

Coleoptile

70
Q

Sheath of tissue that surrounds radicle of many monocot seeds

A

Coleorhiza

71
Q

Root axis in a seed

A

Radicle

72
Q

Shoot axis in a seed

A

Epicotyl

73
Q

Axial plant tissue that lies between the epicotyl and the radicle in some dicots

A

Hypocotyl

74
Q

The outer covering of a mature ovule

A

Seed coat

75
Q

The signal from an environment stimulus is received by a plant (or any living organism)

A

Reception

76
Q

The signal received from an environment stimulus is converted from one chemical form to another

A

Transduction

77
Q

The physiological activity that serves as the end result of signal reception

A

Response

78
Q

A substance created in one part of an organism that influences a different part of the organism

A

Hormone

79
Q

A synonym of plant hormone

A

Plant growth regulator

80
Q

The form a signal takes following transduction

A

Second messenger

81
Q

Light sensitive pigment involved in circadian (day-night and seasonal) rhythms in plants

A

Phytochrome

82
Q

A typical second messenger in plants

A

Calcium (ca++)

83
Q

Light mediated growth toward or away from the light

A

Phototropism

84
Q

Hormone responsible for cell elongation in plants

A

Auxin

85
Q

Enzyme that breaks cross links in cellulose

A

Expansin

86
Q

A form of photocrome that does not generally lead to a physiological response

A

Red light

87
Q

A form of phytocrome that generally leads to a physiological response

A

Far-red light

88
Q

Day-night or seasonal phenomena in plants such as flowering

A

Photoperiodism

89
Q

Plant whose flowering is stimulated by an ever-increasing night length

A

Short day (long night) plants

90
Q

Plants whose flowering is stimulated by an ever-decreasing night length

A

Long day (short night) plants

Biology 1 (14 decks)

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