🧬protien And Stuffs Prt1

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

Gene expression
Protien synthesis

Dna to RNA to protiens

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

Makes all types of rna

Question 3

DNA characteristics

Answer 3

Deoxyribose at 2prime
ACGT
Double stranded

Question 4

RNA characteristics

Answer 4

Has o at 2prime
ACGU
Single stranded (can make looping structures)

Question 5

Start codon

Answer 5

AUG which codes to methionine protein.

Question 6

Beadle Tatum experiment

Answer 6

One gene for every enzyme
(DNA for one RNA is true)

Took a mold and looked to see what it needed to grow.

With complete diet it grows
With restrained it died

It only grew with the vitamins so they concluded it was a vitamin

Separated out the vitamins and found it needed Niacin

Question 7

Columns for pathway

Answer 7

(Most +)

Most + is first
Most - is the end

Question 8

Rows for pathway

Answer 8

(Nutrient)
Most - is first
Most + is last

Question 9

Major steps of transcription

Answer 9

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 10

Prokaryotes
Transcription
Initiation

Answer 10

DNA promoter sequence with a promoter protein
Promoter sequence (-35 and -10”tata box”) +1 is where transcription starts

Sigma factor protien attaches to promoter regions to flag down rna polymerase 2

Sigma + poly = holoenzyme

Question 11

Elongation both (transcription)

Answer 11

Poly reads 3 to 5 and
Synthesis 5 to 3
All rna types

Rna is the same as the nontemplate strand of dna or coding strand

Question 12

Prokaryotes termination
Rho independent (transcription)

Answer 12

No rhoprotien

Lots of c and g in a large sequence create hair pin loops in the rna and those bump the rna off of the dna and poly

Question 13

Prokaryotes termination
Rho dependent (transcription)

Answer 13

Sequence in dna triggers a rut patch in rna which makes it so a Rho protien attaches to the end of the rna strand

It cathches up to the polymerase as it gets to the end of the protien and bumps it off the strand separating the rna from the dna and the poly

Question 14

Eukaryotes initiation (transcription)

Answer 14

Promoter protien: transcription factor/inciation protiens / complex

GC box
Octamer box
Tata box

Has enhancer and silencer protiens that can activate certain genes in specific cells

Question 15

Eukaryotes elongation for transcription exception difference

Answer 15

There are 3 types of rna polymerase for making different types of rna

We care about type 2 because it makes pre mRNA

Question 16

Termination for eukaryotes transcription

Answer 16

It’s complicated you don’t really need to know. polymerase falls off

Question 17

Rna processing

Answer 17

Only happens in eukaryotes

Turns pre mRNA into mRNA ready to leave the nucleus

Question 18

Transcription and translation coupling

Answer 18

Only in prokaryotes
Dna is transcribing rna and at the same time ribosomes attach to the rna and begin translation making polypeptides

Question 19

Things that are important for making pre MRNA into mRNA

Answer 19

5’ guanine cap
3’ poly a tail
Intro. Splicing

Question 20

5’ G captain

Answer 20

Adds a 5’ - 5’ bond
Of the guanine
(Backwards)

Ends up with 3 phosphates

Protects mRNA from nuclease
It lets guards know that it is good to leave

Question 21

3’ poly A tail

Answer 21

50-250 adenines normal to create a long tail

Rna stability/protection
Ribosome recognition.
Helps guards know it’s ready to leave

Question 22

Intron splitting

Answer 22

Introns are taken out by splyisome and then the exons are then spliced together (this can happen differently which can create variation)

Start codon in exon1
Stop codon in last exon

Before codon 1 is there the 5’ untranslated region
And after the last exon is the 3’ untranslated region

Question 23

Spliceosome

Answer 23

Made up of SnRNP
Protiens and SnRNA
And the intron RNA

Beginning of intro is labeled as GU
End is AG

Adenine found in the middle

SnRA binds to Gu and AG
And loops the GU so it is bound with the middle a

Splicisome snips at both ends and pulls the exons together taking out the intron

Question 24

Exon shuffleing
Alternative splicing

Answer 24

We can Reaarange exons making different protiens from the the sequence of RNA which allow for greater diversity without changing the sequence

Question 25

TRNA

Answer 25

Loops in on itself
Aa attachment on top
And anti codon on the bottom which helps it match up with the right codon

Question 26

Amino Acyl tRNA Synthase

Answer 26

Protien that attaches the right peptide to the tRNA

First step
Has 3 active sites one for aa one for atp and one for tRNA

2nd step. Cut off two phosphates making amp which changes the shape of the protien which allows the tRNA to bound with pp which then floats off and is ready to aide in translation