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Bio 181 > Dna Stuffs > Flashcards

Dna Stuffs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Griffith

A

DNA v. Proteins
Bacteria that killed rats
R-strain in not deadly
S strain deadly
Heat killed s - mouse lives
Heat killed s+ live r= mouse dead

Only heat up to 60-65 protiens deconstruct and cell wall falls apart

R cells picks up dna from dead s strain and immediately divided so the new deadly bacs are made

DNA was the one responsible because the proteins were denatured

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2
Q

Hershey and chase

A

1- P which labeled DNA
2- S which labeled protien

The phosphorus was with dead cells

The protien stayed in the solution at the top

Stop phase at manufacturing phase where you can clip off virus husk and see what molecule moved

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3
Q

Nucleotide make up

A

Phosphorus (groups)
Pentosugar
Nitrogen base

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4
Q

Pyramidines

A

C T U single ring

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5
Q

Purines

A

AG double rings

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6
Q

Label carbons

A

1 is far right
2 if has h instead of oh makes it deoxyribose
3 oh
4 branch
5 phosphorous group

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7
Q

Bases with two hydrogen bonding

A

AT and U potentially

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8
Q

Bases with three bonding sites

A

GC

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9
Q

Chargrafs rule

A

15% Adanine 15% thiamine
35% G is 35% C

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10
Q

Location of DNA

A

Eukaryotes - in nucleus (much more compacted)
Prokaryotes - in plasma in núcleo if

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11
Q

Level 1 DNA compaction

A

DNA in double helix is wrapped around the histone

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12
Q

Level 2 structure compaction

A

The Histones with dna wrap around to form nucleosomes which are coiled into chromatin fibers

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13
Q

Level 3 dna structure compaction

A

Chromatin fibers wrap around more protien fibers

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14
Q

Level 4 dna structure condensation

A

Chromatin are condensed and duplicated into a chromosome

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15
Q

S phase

A

Where DNA is replicated into sister chromosomes

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16
Q

Conservative replication

A

Parent strands stay together
And daughter strands pair up

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17
Q

Semi conservative

A

One parent strand stays with daughter strand completely intact

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18
Q

Dispersive

A

All 4 new strands are made with random parts of both the daughter and parent strand

19
Q

Meselson and stahl

A

Allow bacteria to grow in two types of nitrogen N15 and N14

Amount changes in set pattern
1st gen 100% in the center - which rules out conservative

2nd gen - had 50% in the middle and 50% on top which proved the semi conservative replication

20
Q

Where does replication start and dif of pro v eu

A

Origin of replication
Eukaryotes - have multiple organs
Prokaryotes - have 1

Eu have telomerase
Pro no

21
Q

Rules of dna replication

A

Read template 3- 5
Synthesis goes 5-3

Leading strand - one continuous fragment

Lagging strand- has multiple segments (Okazaki fragments)

22
Q

3 prime end

A

Oh group

23
Q

5 prime end

A

Phosphate group

24
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the dna

25
Q

Single strand binding protiens

A

Bound to unwound strand to keep them apart

Because of the hydrophobic nature of the inside of dna

26
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Goes in front of the helicase and relaxes the wind of the dna

Controles the stress

27
Q

Primase

A

Lays down 3-5 RNA nucleotides at the orgin

5-3

28
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

Needs open 3prime end
Begins synthesis of new strand of dna starting from the primer lays 5-3

29
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

Gets rid of primer RNA and replaces it with DNA but leaves a gap
Cannot creat phosphodiester bonds sugar backbone

30
Q

Ligase

A

Closes or minds the gap

31
Q

Telomere

A

Tip
Or Aglet
With repeated DNA pattern because of shrinking

32
Q

Telomerase

A

Occurs in cells that actively divide a lot ie dermal cells

Because of the gap that happens at the end of dna replication

Telomerase comes in and adds a whole chunk of the DNA telomere pattern to 3prime end to make it even longer

So that primase and polymerase and liGase can come in and add more to the short strand and extend side

33
Q

Proof reading

A

DNA polymerase 3 stops and goes back and fixes pair as it goes about synthesis

34
Q

Mis match repair

A

Past the point of proof reading
Nucleas comes in and clips out incorrect base and then poly 3 comes back to fix it

Proof reading + mix math = 99%

35
Q

Thymine dymers

A

UV causes horizontal intermolecular or covalent bonds instead of hydrogen bonds across or verticle

36
Q

Nucleotide excision repairs

A

Nucleare comes in and cuts out the thymine dymers but it has to cut a decently large chunk

And then poly 3 can come back and put in correct sequence

37
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosa

A

Person doesn’t have nuclease involved with Excision repairs so they are unable to rapair UV effected DNA which leads to high amounts of cancer and other skin damage

38
Q

Mutation

A

1% error
From repair processes

39
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change Doesn’t effect the amino acid that is coded

1 base is changed

40
Q

Missense mutation

A

Change of one base causes a change in the amino acid which does and doesn’t effect the protien ie cikle cell anemia

41
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

An accidental stop
When base change causes a stop amino acid to early in the sequence

Can cause protien to be too short which can effect folding and ultimately cause cell death

42
Q

Read through mutation

A

Stop codon does not appear and the amino acid chain just keeps reading which generally not bad but gives protiens tails

Most effective when deleted 1 to 2 but not 3 nucleotides

43
Q

Phase shift mutation

A

If a base is added or deleted then the three by threes will shift causing all the amino acids to be wrong after the mutation which causes a completely wrong protein to be made which would be catastrophic

44
Q

Codon

A

3 bases read at the same time that turns into one amino acid

Bio 181 (12 decks)

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