Last Quiz !!! Flashcards
Taxon
One branch of the tree
Root
Common ancestor
Basal taxon
First branch to Leave
Sister taxa
Two taxons closely branched together
Polytomy
Multiple branches offs at one, generally little is known about order or time (2+)
Levels of classification
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
Domain knowledge
Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes
Archaea have intron splicing
Bacteria do not
Kingdom differences
Plants have a cell wall
Cellulose
Photosynthesis
Fungi have a cell wall
Kyten
Decomposed
Animal
No cell wall
Consumers
Nomenclature
Binomial names
1st name genus
2bd name species epithet
1st cap 2nd low
Must by italicized or underlined
1st can be one letter
Phylogenies or cladistics
Cladogram = phylogenetic tree
Clade
Everything that comes off the branch
The common ancestor and all their prodigy
Exaptation
A secondary purpose to a first purpose
Paraphyly / polyphyly
Incorrect clade based on análogos structures
Paraphyl ( missing part)
Polyphyl (missing multiple parts)
Mono phyl is correct
Different trees
Tree of life is verticle passing of traits normal
Web of life is horizontal passing of traits
Ring of life everything is related for a while
Horizontal gene transfer
Can happen in both pro and eu
Transduction
Horizontal movement in prokaryotes using a bacteriophage (viral infection)
Transformation
Prokary
Horizontal
Up take or eaten ie phago
Conjugation
Aye papa
69
Prokary
Horizontal gene transfer
Genome fusion
Mitochondria and chloroplast bacteria were taken up by eukaryotes to create new organelles
Symbiotic
Grabbed in side transfer
Jumping genes
Genes jump around from chromosome to chromosome and the into other cells taking with it dna
Eukaryotes horizontal
Food horizontal gene transfer
Through the food that we ate genetic changes the genes
Aphids Turing red
1st step
First evidences of life found
4 billion years ago
Step 0
Formation of the earth
4.5 billion years ago
Nebula turns into nuclear fusion turning into the sun
Dust collects and make planets
Acetrion occurs when planets run into Escher and the last one to hit earth formed the moon
Opera / haldae
Earths atmosphere was reducing not oxidizing
And very different
Earths early atmosphere
Water vapor
Nitrogen
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Hydrogen sulfide
All inorganic
Urey miller
1953 and all in 2008
Heated up
H2O
CH4
NH3
H2
First heated it up and created an atmosphere
Then sparked the water vapor with electrodes
Then cooled done and condensed
Which then ran off into a collecting tank
And we’re able to form all of the amino acids (organic compounds)
How were the rest the aa forms
Through volcanoes 🌋 yay
How to go from monomer to polymer
If they were put into clay they would polymerise on their own faster then when they are on their own
Chicken or the egg
RNA came first because it can also act as an enzyme and a genetic material
DNA would follow then
Proteins
Where and what energy did life form
Themal vents on the ocean floor
Vraught energy there and because it was safe from barrages and surface craziness life was able to form there in an aqueous solution
How cell forms
Lipids make Micelles and then liposomes
Which have double layer sheets
Aqueous outside
Aqueous inside
Important dates
4.5 billion earth forms
4 billion prokaryote life is detected
(Stromatolites show evidence of bacteria phosals)
3.2 billion years the first photosynthesis starting
Starting the oxygen revaluation
Lots of rust in rocks
Causes many to extinct
2.3 billion years
First eukaryotes form
Which start single cell but then eventually got to multi-cell either by their own cells or lots of cells in a single area
