Proteins B1.2

Question 1

What is the basic amino acid structure?

Answer 1

amine group (-NH2) on the left, carboxyl group (-COOH) on the right, both bonded to the alpha carbon in the middle. The alpha carbon is also bonded to a hydrogen and R-group on the top and bottom.

Question 2

The amine group of an amino acid and what does it do?

Answer 2

can become protonated to form NH3+. is basic because of accepting protons

Question 3

The carboxyl group of an amino acid and what does it do?

Answer 3

can donate protons and is acidic because of that.
joins with the amine group of another amino acid in condensation to form peptide bond.

Question 4

Amino acids are the what of proteins?

Answer 4

monomers

Question 5

Condensation of amino acids

Answer 5

-OH of carboxyl group combines with the -H of the amine group of another amino acid to form a C-N peptide bond and water.

Question 6

Oligopeptide?

Answer 6

anything 3-20 amino acids in a chain. polypeptide is more than 20

Question 7

Protein is a what?

Answer 7

combination of polypeptides

Question 8

What are essential amino acids?

Answer 8

can’t be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through food.

Question 9

What are non-essential amino acids?

Answer 9

can be made from other amino acids.

Question 10

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

Answer 10

are usually not essential + can be synthesized but in times of illness and stress will be unable to make and need it.

Question 11

How many of the amino acids is essential? Where do they come from?

Answer 11

9/20
animals and dairy products

Question 12

Vegan diets and amino acids?

Answer 12

vegan diets require attention to ensure essential amino acids are consumed because plants often do not have the same amino acids needed in one go

Question 13

How are amino acids made?

Answer 13

the amino acid sequence of each polypeptide is store in a coded form in the base sequence of a gene (DNA). Goes through transcription and translation to create the RNA to which tRNAs bring the amino acids to.

Question 14

Transcription in protein synthesis

Answer 14

copying the DNA code into an mRNA molecule

Question 15

Translation in protein synthesis

Answer 15

changing mRNA sequence (codons) into amino acids (tRNA brings)

Question 16

Where is the ribosome (to which the synthesis happens) in the cell?

Answer 16

located freely in cytoplasm OR membrane bound and associated with the rough ER.

Question 17

What is the unique shape of every protein caused by?

Answer 17

the type of amino acid and the R-group. structure is determined by the base sequence

Question 18

What does R-groups say about the amino acid?

Answer 18

it’s polarity

Question 19

Haemoglobin

Answer 19

in red blood cells to transport oxygen

Question 20

Immunoglobin

Answer 20

antibodies that bind to antigens (foreign) bacteria or pathogens to defend against them

Question 21

Rhodopsin

Answer 21

absorbs photons of light and has light sensitive pigment to see in eyes.

Question 22

Collagen

Answer 22

structural component of teeth, bones, and tendons. rope like, abundant

Question 23

Keratin

Answer 23

found in hair has high tensile strength used as structural building block

Question 24

Digestive enzymes

Answer 24

break down macromolecules to their monomers

Question 25

Insulin

Answer 25

reduces glucose concentration in blood

Question 26

Denaturation of proteins by?

Answer 26

heat and pH change

Question 27

What type of interaction does the 3D structures of protein have with each polypeptide?

Answer 27

hydrogen bonds which are weak or interactions between the R groups.
- easily broken via heat or pH

Question 28

Denaturalization via heat

Answer 28

vibrations in molecule break the bonds that make the polypeptide chains unfold and change shape.

Question 29

Denaturalization via pH

Answer 29

changes in pH means changes in attraction between R groups of the polypeptide/protein. the attractions are important for the shape of the protein

Question 30

Albumen in egg white

Answer 30

added heat break hydrogen bonds in egg making it cross-linked between sulfur R groups since water is trapped inside structure make INSOLUBLE.

Question 31

Denaturation is?

Answer 31

permanent and forms insoluble precipitate