Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 101 > Cell Structure A2.2 > Flashcards

Cell Structure A2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts to the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made out of cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • cells come only from other cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does cell membranes do?

A

separates inside of a cell from the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does genetic material do?

A

in the form f DNA is the hereditary set of information which hold instructions for all building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A

allows the dissolution of substances in the cell, needed for chemical reactions, transport of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an eye piece graticule?

A

a transparent scale embedded within the lens of microscopes, the scale is dimensionless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What calibrates an eyepiece graticule?

A

a scale with precisely know units; a stage micrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the formula to find the magnification of the image (ex. 400x)?

A

Magnification = image size (measured) / actual size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects very close together.
the higher the resolution the greater detail can be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is resolution limited by?

A

the energy source used to view the sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What determines the ability to see an object under the microscope?

A

the wavelength of the light measured in nm.
- objects smaller than the wavelength of radiation used do not interrupt the waves, and therefore are not detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Light microscopes, wavelength, magnification?

A

400-700nm, 1000-5000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transmission electron microscope characteristics, size, magnification

A

can not produce colored images because sample is dyed with heavy metal ions
visualization of structures up to 2nm.
1,000,000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Scanning electron microscope characteristics, size, magnification

A

electrons are reflected off of the surface of the specimen and are stained with harsh chemicals. sample is dead of killed in process.
3D appearance images (imagining software)
2nm
1,000,000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is methylene blue?

A

a positively charged dye which binds to negatively charged structures such as DNA RNA.
- used to visualize genetic material or nucleus of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is fluorescent dye?

A

dyes that target specific molecules and are able to absorb light at one wavelength while emitting at longer wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is immonofluorescence?

A

uses cells of the immune system (anti-bodies) that have a fluorescent marker.
- images produces upon binding with a target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is metal staining?

A

use of metals to stain a sample under a TEM or SEM
- denser/protein containing structures appear darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cryogenic electron microscopy?

A

a preparation technique that is used for researching the structure of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does Cryo-EM do?

A

analyzes proteins at the instant in time when they freeze, unmoving.
patterns if many diff oriented proteins are produced which then are used to form a 3D shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is freeze-fracture electron microscopy?

A

a preparation technique where cells are frozen inside of liquidated propane, fracturing allows cell to be broke along lines of weakness, the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does freeze-fracture EM do?

A

gives insight into the surface of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are prokaryotes and their characteristics?

A

the first organisms to evolve on Earth.
- simple cell structure very small (0.5-6 micrometers)
- lack a nucleus
- cell wall + membrane
- smaller protein producing ribosomes (70S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are eukaryotes and their characteristics?

A

a cell or organism that possess a clearly defined nucleus.
- complex cell structures
- compartmentalization
- many organelles
- bigger protein (80S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Animal cell characteristics?

A
  • boxy spherical shape
  • centrioles
  • cilia or flagella
  • DONT have large vacuole
  • DONT have chloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Plant cell characteristics?
- retangular - cell wall - chloroplasts - large vacuole - DONT have cilia or flagella - DONT have centrioles
26
Fungus cell characteristics?
- spherical - cell wall - large vacuole - DONT have chloroplasts - DONT have centrioles - DONT have cilia or flagella
27
What are the characteristics of the nucleus & nucleolus?
- spherical - double membrane - pores in membrane - chromatin stained dark - nucleolus contains RNA & proteins, 25% of nucleus
28
What are the functions of nucleus & nucleolus?
- stores genetic info in form of chromosomes - nucleolus produces rRNA
29
What are the characteristics of free ribosomes?
- composed of RNA and protein - no membrane - 80S - composed of 2 subunits
30
What are the functions of free ribosomes?
- produces proteins to function in the cytoplasm for use
31
What are the characteristics of mitochondrion?
- double membrane
32
What are the functions of mitochondrion?
- site of ATP production by aerobic cell respiration - fat digestion if used as energy source in cell
33
What are the characteristics of RER?
ribosomes attached
34
What are the characteristics of SER?
no ribosomes
35
What are the functions of RER?
production of membrane proteins, pinched off in vesicles to the golgi for further investigation
36
What are the functions of SER?
produces phospholipids and cellular lipids, sex hormones - in muscle cells store calcium ions for contraction of muscle fibers
37
What are the characteristics of chloroplast?
- double membrane - stacks of thylakoids
38
What are the functions of chloroplasts?
- productions of glucose and other organic compounds by photosynthesis
39
What are the characteristics of lysosomes?
- formed from golgi vesicles which bud off - one membrane - high concentration of enzymes meaning it will stain heavily - only in animal cells
40
What are the functions of lysosomes?
- breakdown of food or damaged substances
41
What are the characteristics of vacuoles/vesicles?
- one membrane - plants: large and permanent - animals: small and temporary
42
What are the functions of vacuoles/vesicles?
- plant: maintenance of water balance and internal pressure - animal: transport of substances within cells
43
What are the characteristics of flagellum/cilia?
- whip-like - a ring of 9 double microtubules and 2 central ones - flagella: longer, one - cilia: shorter, multi
44
What are the functions of flagellum/cilia?
- flagella: movement, sperm - cilia: move liquid over surfaces
45
What are the characteristics of microtubules?
- small cylindrical fibres - composed of polymer tubulin
46
What are the functions of microtubules?
- move chromosomes to opposite side of cell during cell division - help construct cell walls
47
What are the characteristics of centrioles?
- 2 groups of 9 triple microtubules - in animal cells
48
What are the functions of centrioles?
- move toward poles of a cell, serving as an anchor point for microtubules during cell division
49
What are the characteristics of cytoskeleton?
- constructed from protein fibers like tubulin and actin
50
What are the functions of cytoskeleton?
- microfilaments help animal cells maintain shape
51
What are the characteristics of cell wall?
extracellular components, not an organelle - cellulose
52
What are the functions of cell wall?
- permeable, no effect on transportation in and out - strong support for prevention of membrane bursting under pressure
53
Examples of atypical cell structures in eukaryotes?
- striated muscle cell - aseptate fungal hypae - red blood cells - phloem sieve tube cells
54
Striated muscle cell
- multi-nucleated - larger than most animal cells
55
Aseptate fungal hypae
- multi-nucleated - continued cell division
56
Red blood cells
- dont have nucleus - pinched off during development and digested by the immune system - makes smaller and flexible - can not review self and limited life span
57
Phloem sieve tube cells
- movement of sap through cylindrical tubes need less resistance so walls are perforated with pores and nucleus and large organelles are missing. - development stage nucleus and organelle break down
58
What is endosymbiotic theory?
it explains the origin of eukaryotic cells - smaller unicellular organisms are engulfed and became a part of larger organisms and eventually specialized to become organelles within the cell.
59
What is the symbiotic relationship in the endosymbiotic theory?
- the smaller prokaryotic cell is supplied with nutrients and food - larger cell receives energy from the aerobic cell respiration and sugars from photosynthetic bacteria
60
Where is mitochondria derived from?
purple bacteria or proteobacteria
61
Where are chloroplasts derived from?
cyanobacteria, capable of photosynthesis
62
What are evidence for endosymbiotic theory?
mitochondria and chloroplasts have... - own genes - double membranes - are divided by binary fission - own 70s ribosomes - produced by division of pre-existing ALL are typical of prokaryotes
63
What does cell differentiation result in?
the formation of cells with specialized function.
64
How and where does cell differentiation happen?
development of specialized cells happen at an embryonal stage, diff genes are switched on resulting in expression of genes only required for a specific function - triggered by changes in environment
65
Advantages of evolution of multicellularity
- longer life span, death of one cell does not kill - organism is larger, helps exploitation of niches - complexity within organism
66
Examples of the evolution of multicellularity
- algae - sponge
67
Algae as example of the evolution of multicellularity
algae is made up of 1-3k photosynthetic algae that are grouped together into a hollow sphere. - the transition from single algae cells to this colony took 35 mil years
68
Sponge as example of the evolution of multicellularity
structural similarities between single celled choanoflagellates and sponge prompted ideas on shared ancestry.

Biology 101 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions