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Biology 101 > Cell Structure A2.2 > Flashcards

Cell Structure A2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three parts to the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made out of cells
  • cells are the smallest units of life
  • cells come only from other cells
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2
Q

What does cell membranes do?

A

separates inside of a cell from the outside

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3
Q

What does genetic material do?

A

in the form f DNA is the hereditary set of information which hold instructions for all building blocks

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4
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A

allows the dissolution of substances in the cell, needed for chemical reactions, transport of materials

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5
Q

What is the magnification of the microscope and what is it used for?

A

magnification of the image when viewed from a microscope; magnification for measuring sizes

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6
Q

What is the magnification of a drawing/image and what is it used for?

A

the one deduced from directly measuring a specimen using an eyepiece graticule; magnification for measuring sizes

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7
Q

What is an eye piece graticule?

A

a transparent scale embedded within the lens of microscopes, the scale is dimensionless

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8
Q

What calibrates an eyepiece graticule?

A

a scale with precisely know units; a stage micrometer

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9
Q

What does the major division on a stage micrometer represent?

A

0.1mm (= 100μm)

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10
Q

What does the minor division on a stage micrometer represent?

A

0.01mm (= 10μm)

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11
Q

What is the formula to find the magnification of the image (ex. 400x)?

A

Magnification = image size (measured) / actual size

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12
Q

What is the image size in the formula to find magnification of the image measured by?

A

a ruler

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13
Q

What did Robert Hooke do in 1665?

A

discovers cells using magnifying glasses with a set focal point to view cork.

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14
Q

What did Antony Van Leeuwenhoek in 1670?

A

perfects microscopes by inventing an adjustable knob to bring images into focus.

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15
Q

What was created in the 19th century relating to microscopes?

A

modern light microscope allowed discovery of bacteria, chromosomes, sex cell formation, visualization of the complexity of different cells

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16
Q

What was created in the 20th century relating to microscopes?

A

development of electron microscopes to increase limit of resolution. smaller structures could be visualized.

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17
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two objects very close together.
the higher the resolution the greater detail can be seen

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18
Q

A microscope with more powerful magnification…

A

will not increase the resolution

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19
Q

What is resolution limited by?

A

the energy source used to view the sample.

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20
Q

What determines the ability to see an object under the microscope?

A

the wavelength of the light measured in nm.
- objects smaller than the wavelength of radiation used do not interrupt the waves, and therefore are not detected

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21
Q

Light microscopes, wavelength, magnification?

A

400-700nm, 1000-5000x

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22
Q

Transmission electron microscope characteristics, size, magnification

A

can not produce colored images because sample is dyed with heavy metal ions
visualization of structures up to 2nm.
1,000,000x

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23
Q

Scanning electron microscope characteristics, size, magnification

A

electrons are reflected off of the surface of the specimen and are stained with harsh chemicals. sample is dead of killed in process.
3D appearance images (imagining software)
2nm
1,000,000x

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24
Q

What is methylene blue?

A

a positively charged dye which binds to negatively charged structures such as DNA RNA.
- used to visualize genetic material or nucleus of cells

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25
Q

What is fluorescent dye?

A

dyes that target specific molecules and are able to absorb light at one wavelength while emitting at longer wavelength

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26
Q

What is immonofluorescence?

A

uses cells of the immune system (anti-bodies) that have a fluorescent marker.
- images produces upon binding with a target

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27
Q

What is metal staining?

A

use of metals to stain a sample under a TEM or SEM
- denser/protein containing structures appear darker

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28
Q

What is cryogenic electron microscopy?

A

a preparation technique that is used for researching the structure of proteins

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29
Q

What does Cryo-EM do?

A

analyzes proteins at the instant in time when they freeze, unmoving.
patterns if many diff oriented proteins are produced which then are used to form a 3D shape

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30
Q

What is freeze-fracture electron microscopy?

A

a preparation technique where cells are frozen inside of liquidated propane, fracturing allows cell to be broke along lines of weakness, the cell membrane

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31
Q

What does freeze-fracture EM do?

A

gives insight into the surface of cells

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32
Q

What are prokaryotes and their characteristics?

A

the first organisms to evolve on Earth.
- simple cell structure very small (0.5-6 micrometers)
- lack a nucleus
- cell wall + membrane
- smaller protein producing ribosomes (70S)

33
Q

What are eukaryotes and their characteristics?

A

a cell or organism that possess a clearly defined nucleus.
- complex cell structures
- compartmentalization
- many organelles
- bigger protein (80S)

34
Q

Animal cell characteristics?

A
  • boxy spherical shape
  • centrioles
  • cilia or flagella
  • DONT have large vacuole
  • DONT have chloroplasts
35
Q

Plant cell characteristics?

A
  • retangular
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • large vacuole
  • DONT have cilia or flagella
  • DONT have centrioles
36
Q

Fungus cell characteristics?

A
  • spherical
  • cell wall
  • large vacuole
  • DONT have chloroplasts
  • DONT have centrioles
  • DONT have cilia or flagella
37
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleus & nucleolus?

A
  • spherical
  • double membrane
  • pores in membrane
  • chromatin stained dark
  • nucleolus contains RNA & proteins, 25% of nucleus
38
Q

What are the functions of nucleus & nucleolus?

A
  • stores genetic info in form of chromosomes
  • nucleolus produces rRNA
39
Q

What are the characteristics of free ribosomes?

A
  • composed of RNA and protein
  • no membrane
  • 80S
  • composed of 2 subunits
40
Q

What are the functions of free ribosomes?

A
  • produces proteins to function in the cytoplasm for use
41
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondrion?

A
  • double membrane
42
Q

What are the functions of mitochondrion?

A
  • site of ATP production by aerobic cell respiration
  • fat digestion if used as energy source in cell
43
Q

What are the characteristics of RER?

A

ribosomes attached

44
Q

What are the characteristics of SER?

A

no ribosomes

45
Q

What are the functions of RER?

A

production of membrane proteins, pinched off in vesicles to the golgi for further investigation

46
Q

What are the functions of SER?

A

produces phospholipids and cellular lipids, sex hormones
- in muscle cells store calcium ions for contraction of muscle fibers

47
Q

What are the characteristics of chloroplast?

A
  • double membrane
  • stacks of thylakoids
48
Q

What are the functions of chloroplasts?

A
  • productions of glucose and other organic compounds by photosynthesis
49
Q

What are the characteristics of lysosomes?

A
  • formed from golgi vesicles which bud off
  • one membrane
  • high concentration of enzymes meaning it will stain heavily
  • only in animal cells
50
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  • breakdown of food or damaged substances
51
Q

What are the characteristics of vacuoles/vesicles?

A
  • one membrane
  • plants: large and permanent
  • animals: small and temporary
52
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles/vesicles?

A
  • plant: maintenance of water balance and internal pressure
  • animal: transport of substances within cells
53
Q

What are the characteristics of flagellum/cilia?

A
  • whip-like
  • a ring of 9 double microtubules and 2 central ones
  • flagella: longer, one
  • cilia: shorter, multi
54
Q

What are the functions of flagellum/cilia?

A
  • flagella: movement, sperm
  • cilia: move liquid over surfaces
55
Q

What are the characteristics of microtubules?

A
  • small cylindrical fibres
  • composed of polymer tubulin
56
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A
  • move chromosomes to opposite side of cell during cell division
  • help construct cell walls
57
Q

What are the characteristics of centrioles?

A
  • 2 groups of 9 triple microtubules
  • in animal cells
58
Q

What are the functions of centrioles?

A
  • move toward poles of a cell, serving as an anchor point for microtubules during cell division
59
Q

What are the characteristics of cytoskeleton?

A
  • constructed from protein fibers like tubulin and actin
60
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfilaments help animal cells maintain shape
61
Q

What are the characteristics of cell wall?

A

extracellular components, not an organelle
- cellulose

62
Q

What are the functions of cell wall?

A
  • permeable, no effect on transportation in and out
  • strong support for prevention of membrane bursting under pressure
63
Q

Examples of atypical cell structures in eukaryotes?

A
  • striated muscle cell
  • aseptate fungal hypae
  • red blood cells
  • phloem sieve tube cells
64
Q

Striated muscle cell

A
  • multi-nucleated
  • larger than most animal cells
65
Q

Aseptate fungal hypae

A
  • multi-nucleated
  • continued cell division
66
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • dont have nucleus
  • pinched off during development and digested by the immune system
  • makes smaller and flexible
  • can not review self and limited life span
67
Q

Phloem sieve tube cells

A
  • movement of sap through cylindrical tubes need less resistance so walls are perforated with pores and nucleus and large organelles are missing.
  • development stage nucleus and organelle break down
68
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

it explains the origin of eukaryotic cells
- smaller unicellular organisms are engulfed and became a part of larger organisms and eventually specialized to become organelles within the cell.

69
Q

What is the symbiotic relationship in the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • the smaller prokaryotic cell is supplied with nutrients and food
  • larger cell receives energy from the aerobic cell respiration and sugars from photosynthetic bacteria
70
Q

Where is mitochondria derived from?

A

purple bacteria or proteobacteria

71
Q

Where are chloroplasts derived from?

A

cyanobacteria, capable of photosynthesis

72
Q

What are evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts have…
- own genes
- double membranes
- are divided by binary fission
- own 70s ribosomes
- produced by division of pre-existing
ALL are typical of prokaryotes

73
Q

What does cell differentiation result in?

A

the formation of cells with specialized function.

74
Q

How and where does cell differentiation happen?

A

development of specialized cells happen at an embryonal stage, diff genes are switched on resulting in expression of genes only required for a specific function
- triggered by changes in environment

75
Q

Advantages of evolution of multicellularity

A
  • longer life span, death of one cell does not kill
  • organism is larger, helps exploitation of niches
  • complexity within organism
76
Q

Examples of the evolution of multicellularity

A
  • algae
  • sponge
77
Q

Algae as example of the evolution of multicellularity

A

algae is made up of 1-3k photosynthetic algae that are grouped together into a hollow sphere.
- the transition from single algae cells to this colony took 35 mil years

78
Q

Sponge as example of the evolution of multicellularity

A

structural similarities between single celled chljoroflagellates and sponge prompted ideas on shared ancestry.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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