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Biology 101 > Protein Synthesis D1.2 > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis D1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is transcription?

A

the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template. the GENE sequence of the DNA is copied in the mRNA.

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2
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

the nucleus

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3
Q

What does a gene on the DNA sequence do?

A

specify the sequence of amino acids.
- DO NOT give any observable characteristics in an organism.

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4
Q

What actually give the observable characteristics in an organism?

A

proteins often directly or indirectly determine observable characteristics.

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5
Q

What is the RNA Polymerase?

A

an enzyme that is used in transcription and is responsible for:
- binding to the start of a gene in DNA
- separating the gene section of the DNA double helix
- pairing up and adding the RNA nucleotides complementary bases (uracil replaces thymine)

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6
Q

What is the first step of transcription?

A

the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a site on the DNA at the START of a gene sequence.

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7
Q

What happens after the RNA Polymerase has bound to the DNA?

A

RNA polymerase moves along the gene sequence of the DNA and separates the double stranded DNA.

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8
Q

What happens after the RNA Polymerase has separated the DNA?

A

RNA polymerase pairs and adds RNA nucleotides with complementary bases along the template DNA going from 3’ to 5’.
- hydrogen bonds created between DNA and mRNA
- covalent bonds created between RNA molecules

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9
Q

What happens after the RNA Polymerase has paired the RNA nucleotides?

A

the mRNA is separated from the DNA at the END of the gene sequence and the DNA double helix reforms.

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10
Q

What is the antisense strand?

A

it is the template strand, the strand that the mRNA is bound to for creation of the mRNA strand. it is from 3’ to 5’.

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11
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

it is the non-template strand that does not partake in the copying process. it is the strand that the mRNA is actually trying to copy. it is from 5’ to 3’.
- identical to the mRNA strand (switch U with T)

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12
Q

What does it mean for DNA to be stable?

A

it does not change its code easily.

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13
Q

How is DNA stable?

A

stability is ensured by the sugar-phosphate backbone and hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.

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14
Q

What is the stability of DNA important for?

A

the conservation of the original code.

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15
Q

What do some somatic cells that do not divide to replace itself need to do?

A

must stay unchanged throughout life because they will be broken forever.

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16
Q

How can the stability of DNA be damaged?

A

free radicals,
chemicals,
cigarette smoke,
exposure to UV,
nuclear radiation.

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17
Q

What can instability of DNA lead to?

A

mutations (harmful or beneficial)

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18
Q

Why do DNA instability occur as a result of the ways of damage?

A

there are repair mechanisms to fix but not always successful.

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19
Q

What is gene expression?

A

the process by which the info carried by a gene is turned into an observable characteristic on an organism.

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20
Q

How does gene expression occur?

A

by transcription and translation.

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21
Q

What is the process of gene expression as it happens in the cell?

A

DNA –> mRNA –> polypeptide –> observable change

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22
Q

How come some genes are not expressed even when it is transcribed?

A

genes can be turned on and off and the expression of a cell depend on info from both inside and outside the cell. transcription, being the first stage of gene expression, is a key
stage at which expression of a gene can be switched on and off

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23
Q

What is genetic code?

A

the set of rules by which info encoded in mRNA sequences is converted to proteins by living cells.

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24
Q

What does genetic code do?

A

carries the message for the sequences of amino acids in a polypeptide.

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25
Q

What is a codon?

A

three bases transcribed strand correspond to one triplet of bases.

26
Q

What does a codon do?

A

codes for an amino acid and therefore genetic code.

27
Q

What is universality?

A

all organisms use the same 4 letter code in genetic code. (ATGC)

28
Q

What is degeneracy?

A
  • of genetic code is the fact that different combinations of codons can result in expressing the same amino acid.
29
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

A

these molecules translate the base sequence of mRNA to an amino acid sequence.

30
Q

What does tRNAs have?

A
  • have an anticodon of three bases that bind to a codon on mRNA via complementary base pairing.
  • amino acids corresponding to their codon that pairs with the mRNA codon that codes for the AA.
31
Q

What is the role of mRNA in translation?

A

has a site to which a ribosome can bind and a sequence of codons that specify the amino acids sequence.
- can be translated many times

32
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

A

act as the binding site for mRNA and tRNA. catalyzing peptide bonds between amino acids

33
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

free AND OR membrane bound ribosomes

34
Q

What are ribosomes of translation composed of?

A

two subunits: small and large
- composed of long rRNA strands

35
Q

What does the subunits of ribosomes do in translation?

A

they lock together and trap mRNA between the space.

36
Q

What is translation? (define)

A

stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA and linkage of amino acids by peptide bonding to the growing polypeptide chain.

37
Q

What is the first step of translation?

A

small ribosomal subunit attach to the mRNA and slides along the molecule in a 5’ to 3’ direction until it sees a start codon. (AUG)

38
Q

What happens after the ribosome sees the start codon?

A

tRNA loaded with an amino acid specific to the corresponding anticodon, attaching to a site on the ribosome: P-site

39
Q

What happens after the tRNA has attached to the P-site after the AUG?

A

large ribosomal subunit can bind to close the complex.

40
Q

What happens once the ribosome has closed?

A

the second tRNA carrying an amino acids binds w/its anticodon to the complementary codon at the A-site of the ribosome.

41
Q

What happens after the tRNA has bound to the A-site?

A

polypeptide bond formation between amino acids on the tRNA and the amino acid in the P-site. the polypeptide formed by this is transferred to the tRNA on the A-site.

42
Q

What happens after the amino acid chain has been transferred to the tRNA on the A-site?

A

the ribosome moves along the mRNA by one codon in 5’ to 3’ direction, causing the second tRNA to move from A to P-site and te first from P to E-site.

43
Q

Required molecules for transcription

A

DNA, RNA polymerase, NTPs

44
Q

Required molecules for translation

A

mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA

45
Q

Coding sequence for transcription

A

DNA

46
Q

Coding sequence for translation

A

mRNA

47
Q

Product of transcription

A

mRNA

48
Q

Product of translation

A

polypeptide

49
Q

Location of transcription

A

nucleus

50
Q

Location of translation

A

free or membrane bound ribosomes

51
Q

Direction of synthesis of transcription

A

5’ > 3’

52
Q

Direction of synthesis of translation

A

5’ > 3’

53
Q

Source of energy for transcription

A

ATP fro cellular respiration

54
Q

Source of energy for translation

A

ATP

55
Q

What is a gene mutation?

A

a change to the base sequence of a gene.

56
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

a disease which is caused by a mutation in the DNA that changes the oxygen transporting polypeptide structure of the protein hemoglobin (found in red blood cells)

57
Q

Which human chromosome does the mutation happen for sickle cell anemia? What type of mutation is it?

A

11, single base substitution mutation

58
Q

What does the mutation cause the polypeptide of that gene do?

A

change shape and structure?

59
Q

The normal beta globin of blood VS the mutated beta of blood

A

CTC vs. CAC
GAG vs. GUG
glu vs. val

60
Q

Consequences of sickle cell anemia

A
  • rigid fibers
  • change in shape to crescent like
  • reduced capacity to carry oxygen
  • destroyed quicker
  • pain in bones and joints
  • organ damage
  • clots easily
61
Q

What causes the sickle cell to become rigid?

A

hydrophobic interactions between amino acids in the protein

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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