Carbohydrates + Lipids B1.1 Flashcards
Why is carbon so important for life? (list qualities of carbon)
- very abundant on the planet
- backbone of every organic molecule
- four valence electrons
- create covalent bonds (very strong, therefore stable)
- carbon can do single, double, triple bonds
- can form molecules w/ many diff elements (metal + nonmetal)
- can form long chains or rings of molecules
What is the element ratio for a carbohydrate?
C:H:O
1:2:1
Examples of carbohydrates?
glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose, starch
Examples of lipids?
triglyceride, phospholipid, fatty acids, waxes, steroids/hormones
What are carbohydrates?
largest group of organic compounds found in living things. (the sugars)
What are monosaccharides classified by?
of carbons.
trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.
What is special about pentoses and hexoses?
they exist in rings but can also exist in straight chain form. Other monosaccharides are linear
What are the common pentoses?
deoxiribose and ribose
What are the common hexoses?
glucose, galactose, fructose
What are the two isomers of glucose?
alpha glucose and beta glucose.
What is the difference between the two isomers of glucose?
a-glucose and b-glucose’s functional group (-OH) on carbon 1 can be positioned in two diff orientations.
the molecular formula is the same but the structure, chem properties, and bonding patterns.
Properties of glucose?
- polar
- circulates in blood, dissolved in plasma
- gives out energy when oxidized used as a substrate for respiration
What are the most important disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
What is sucrose made of?
disaccharide
glucose + fructose
What is lactose made of?
galactose + glucose
What is maltose made of?
alpha glucose + beta glucose
What are the most important polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, cellulose
What are the properties of starch?
- good storage for energy in PLANT CELLS
- can be removed from chains + transported away and used in the cell as monomers
- less soluble due to size therefore water not drawn into cells by osmosis and cause swelling
What are the two types of structures for starch?
amylose and amylopectin
What are the characteristics of amylose?
- unbranched chains linked by 1-4 alpha glucose glycosidic bonds
- the glycosidic bonds form a curved helix shape to the structure
What are the characteristics of amylopectin?
- branched chains with the straight chain linked by 1-4 alpha glucose
- a branch is linked by 1-6 alpha glucose
- forms a straight chain structure
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
addition and removal of glucose is faster in amylopectin because there are multiple points of entry for enzymes to break down in hydrolysis.
amylose only has two points of entry.
What are the properties of glycogen?
- energy storage for glucose in ANIMAL CELLS
- easily removed from chains and used as monomers
- mostly insoluble in water, preventing osmosis drawing water to swell
- alpha glucose linking at 1-4
- branches made by 1-6 link
What are the properties of cellulose?
- structural component in PLANT CELLS
- uses beta glucose linking at 1-4 but the next glucose is rotated 180 degrees from the previous
What happens as a result of the special linkage between glucose in cellulose? How are parallel chains in cellulose linked?
- the form is a straight chain due to the rotation of bond between glucose
- parallel chains are cross-linked via hydrogen bonds and form microfibrils
Compare the structure of amylopectin with glycogen and what does it mean?
- more branches on glycogen than amylopectin (more 1-6 links)
- the higher the # of branches the more complex
What are microfibrils?
strong, rigid, and give TENSILE STRENGTH to plant cells.
- prevents them from bursting even under high pressure
What is tensile strength?
the max amount of stress withstand before it breaks when pulled or stretched
What are condensation reactions?
production of macromolecules when monomers join together and a molecule of water is released.
- is anabolic (synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones)
- exothermic bc water changes from gas to liquid, the energy is given out
What happens in a condensation reaction?
the OH of one monomer bonds with the H of another to form H2O. then only one oxygen is left after the bond and an addition of water.
What is the bond that is created after a condensation reaction called?
a glycosidic bond (strong covalent bond)
What are hydrolysis reactions?
- opposite of condensation
- catabolic (breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones)
- enzyme + H2O needed to hydrolyze
- endothermic because water needs energy to turn from water to gas
What does condensation and hydrolysis reactions have in common?
both metabolic reactions
How does digestion happen?
- hydrolysis takes place in the digestive tract
- decomposers release digestive enzymes into the environment to break down polymers
- product can then be used as monomers for the decomposer
What are glycoproteins?
membrane proteins with a carbohydrate attached to them.
What are glycoproteins used for?
- important component of the cell membrane of animal cells
- faces outward + recognized by other receptors on the cell
- cell-to-cell recognition
- organization of tissues
- allow foreign cells/infected cells to be identified and destroyed
How does blood use glycoproteins?
blood cells carry different glycoproteins on cell membranes (the ABO antigens)
What is different about the O-blood type and the other blood types’ glycoproteins?
the O-blood type does not have any surface proteins
What glycoprotein does type-A blood have?
acetylgalactosamine
What glycoprotein does type-B blood have?
galactose
What glycoprotein does type-AB blood have?
express both acetylgalactosamine and galactose
What glycoprotein does type-O blood have?
no antigen (glycoprotein)
- the absence of an antigen means that the other blood types’ antibody will not be able to attack it
Type-A blood
enthrocytes have type A antigens and plasma has anti-B antibodies
Type-B blood
enthrocytes have type B antigens and plasma has anti-A antibodies
Type-AB blood
enthrocytes have type A and B antigens and plasma has no antibodies
Type-O blood
enthrocytes have no antigens and plasma has anti-A and B antibodies
What is agglutination?
clumping together in reaction to antibody.
type A donor + anti B antibodies = no agglutination
A donor and B patient = agglutination (antibody and antigen match)
What are lipids?
large class of organic compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
ALL lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
What are triglycerides and phospholipids made of?
fatty acids molecules joined to a glycerol molecule.
What is a fatty acid?
- the acidic end of the fatty acid is a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) which is polar and hydrophilic (head).
- the other end of the fatty acid is a methyl group (-CH3) that is non-polar and hydrophobic (tail)
What is glycerol made of?
3 carbons surrounded by hydrogens and the other side has 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH)
glycerol is polar and hydrophilic
Formation of triglycerides
one molecule of glycerol bond with three fatty acids in a condensation reaction to make an ester bond with three water molecules released.
Ester bond
the result after a condensation reaction, oxygen bond
- covalent
Formation of phospholipids
same as triglyceride but with two fatty acids and the third carbon of its glycerol is connected to a phosphate group (hydrophilic). two water molecules are released
Properties of saturated fatty acids
- do not have double carbon bonds
- react w/ glycerol to form triglycerides and phospholipids
- saturated because they contain as much hydrogen as they possibly can
- solid at room temp
Examples of saturated fatty acids
- animal fats (no fish)
- unhealthy fats and full dairy products
Properties of unsaturated fatty acids
- can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated (one bend or multiple)
- liquid at room temperature
- double carbon bonds
- unsaturated because contains less hydrogen than they could
Cis-unsaturated fatty acids
- both of the hydrogen surrounding the double carbon bond is on the same side, it creates a bend
- liquid at room temp
- lower melting point
Trans-unsaturated fatty acids
- hydrogens surrounding the carbon double bond is at opposite sides of each other.
- makes a straight form rather than bend
- solid at room temp
- higher melting point
- produced artificially
- serious health concerns have made FDA ban
Degree of unsaturation in fatty acids and its melting point
more double bonds (less saturated) = lower melting point
- bc its less tightly packed together due to bends (less forces of attraction formed less energy needed to change SOM)
What are adipose tissue?
composed of adipose cells (adipocytes) which store insoluble fat in the form of triglycerides for long-term energy storage
How is adipose used?
- a thick layer under the skin
- acting as shock absorber
- thermal insulator
- when energy is required, triglycerides go through hydrolysis and release glycerol and fatty acids
- used during cell respiration to produce twice as much energy than sugars
How is triglycerides in adipose tissue important for anima;s?
twice the energy stored in half the body mass. important for animals that move and animals that fly like birds and bats
What is blubber?
thick adipose tissue found in endotherms. (birds, mammals; whales, seals) that have to maintain a stead internal temp regardless of environment temp
Where is blubber found?
between the skin and muscle
What does blubber do?
same things as adipose tissue
- triglycerides poor conductors of heat so blubber helps trap heat generated by inner metabolic activities
What are phospholipids?
- important structural component of cell membranes
- the phosphate group attached to the third carbon causes polarity
- makes a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
What does amphipathic mean?
molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas
- in an aqueous solution tend to arrange itself so that the hydrophilic end faces the water and hydrophobic away
What does selectively permeable mean?
some molecules can pass through easily and some require special transport system
- hydrophobic molecules pass through easily because interior is also hydrophobic
- charged/polar substances need special transport system
What are steroids>
group of lipids that all have four fused rings of carbon atoms.
- ALL hydrophobic therefore easily pass through cell membrane
- 17 carbon total
- three cyclohexane, one cyclopentane
