Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 > Carbohydrates + Lipids B1.1 > Flashcards

Carbohydrates + Lipids B1.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is carbon so important for life? (list qualities of carbon)

A
  • very abundant on the planet
  • backbone of every organic molecule
  • four valence electrons
  • create covalent bonds (very strong, therefore stable)
  • carbon can do single, double, triple bonds
  • can form molecules w/ many diff elements (metal + nonmetal)
  • can form long chains or rings of molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the element ratio for a carbohydrate?

A

C:H:O
1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of carbohydrates?

A

glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose, starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples of lipids?

A

triglyceride, phospholipid, fatty acids, waxes, steroids/hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

largest group of organic compounds found in living things. (the sugars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are monosaccharides classified by?

A

of carbons.
trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is special about pentoses and hexoses?

A

they exist in rings but can also exist in straight chain form. Other monosaccharides are linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the common pentoses?

A

deoxiribose and ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the common hexoses?

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between the two isomers of glucose?

A

a-glucose and b-glucose’s functional group (-OH) on carbon 1 can be positioned in two diff orientations.
the molecular formula is the same but the structure, chem properties, and bonding patterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Properties of glucose?

A
  • polar
  • circulates in blood, dissolved in plasma
  • gives out energy when oxidized used as a substrate for respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the most important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

disaccharide
glucose + fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

galactose + glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

alpha glucose + beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most important polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the properties of starch?

A
  • good storage for energy in PLANT CELLS
  • can be removed from chains + transported away and used in the cell as monomers
  • less soluble due to size therefore water not drawn into cells by osmosis and cause swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of structures for starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of amylose?

A
  • unbranched chains linked by 1-4 alpha glucose glycosidic bonds
  • the glycosidic bonds form a curved helix shape to the structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the characteristics of amylopectin?

A
  • branched chains with the straight chain linked by 1-4 alpha glucose
  • a branch is linked by 1-6 alpha glucose
  • forms a straight chain structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

addition and removal of glucose is faster in amylopectin because there are multiple points of entry for enzymes to break down in hydrolysis.
amylose only has two points of entry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the properties of glycogen?

A
  • energy storage for glucose in ANIMAL CELLS
  • easily removed from chains and used as monomers
  • mostly insoluble in water, preventing osmosis drawing water to swell
  • alpha glucose linking at 1-4
  • branches made by 1-6 link
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the properties of cellulose?

A
  • structural component in PLANT CELLS
  • uses beta glucose linking at 1-4 but the next glucose is rotated 180 degrees from the previous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens as a result of the special linkage between glucose in cellulose? How are parallel chains in cellulose linked?

A
  • the form is a straight chain due to the rotation of bond between glucose
  • parallel chains are cross-linked via hydrogen bonds and form microfibrils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Compare the structure of amylopectin with glycogen and what does it mean?

A
  • more branches on glycogen than amylopectin (more 1-6 links)
  • the higher the # of branches the more complex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

strong, rigid, and give TENSILE STRENGTH to plant cells.
- prevents them from bursting even under high pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is tensile strength?

A

the max amount of stress withstand before it breaks when pulled or stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

production of macromolecules when monomers join together and a molecule of water is released.
- is anabolic (synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones)
- exothermic bc water changes from gas to liquid, the energy is given out

30
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

the OH of one monomer bonds with the H of another to form H2O. then only one oxygen is left after the bond and an addition of water.

31
Q

What is the bond that is created after a condensation reaction called?

A

a glycosidic bond (strong covalent bond)

32
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A
  • opposite of condensation
  • catabolic (breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones)
  • enzyme + H2O needed to hydrolyze
  • endothermic because water needs energy to turn from water to gas
33
Q

What does condensation and hydrolysis reactions have in common?

A

both metabolic reactions

34
Q

How does digestion happen?

A
  • hydrolysis takes place in the digestive tract
  • decomposers release digestive enzymes into the environment to break down polymers
  • product can then be used as monomers for the decomposer
35
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

membrane proteins with a carbohydrate attached to them.

36
Q

What are glycoproteins used for?

A
  • important component of the cell membrane of animal cells
  • faces outward + recognized by other receptors on the cell
  • cell-to-cell recognition
  • organization of tissues
  • allow foreign cells/infected cells to be identified and destroyed
37
Q

How does blood use glycoproteins?

A

blood cells carry different glycoproteins on cell membranes (the ABO antigens)

38
Q

What is different about the O-blood type and the other blood types’ glycoproteins?

A

the O-blood type does not have any surface proteins

39
Q

What glycoprotein does type-A blood have?

A

acetylgalactosamine

40
Q

What glycoprotein does type-B blood have?

A

galactose

41
Q

What glycoprotein does type-AB blood have?

A

express both acetylgalactosamine and galactose

42
Q

What glycoprotein does type-O blood have?

A

no antigen (glycoprotein)
- the absence of an antigen means that the other blood types’ antibody will not be able to attack it

43
Q

Type-A blood

A

enthrocytes have type A antigens and plasma has anti-B antibodies

44
Q

Type-B blood

A

enthrocytes have type B antigens and plasma has anti-A antibodies

45
Q

Type-AB blood

A

enthrocytes have type A and B antigens and plasma has no antibodies

46
Q

Type-O blood

A

enthrocytes have no antigens and plasma has anti-A and B antibodies

47
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping together in reaction to antibody.
type A donor + anti B antibodies = no agglutination
A donor and B patient = agglutination (antibody and antigen match)

48
Q

What are lipids?

A

large class of organic compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
ALL lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

49
Q

What are triglycerides and phospholipids made of?

A

fatty acids molecules joined to a glycerol molecule.

50
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A
  • the acidic end of the fatty acid is a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) which is polar and hydrophilic (head).
  • the other end of the fatty acid is a methyl group (-CH3) that is non-polar and hydrophobic (tail)
51
Q

What is glycerol made of?

A

3 carbons surrounded by hydrogens and the other side has 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH)
glycerol is polar and hydrophilic

52
Q

Formation of triglycerides

A

one molecule of glycerol bond with three fatty acids in a condensation reaction to make an ester bond with three water molecules released.

53
Q

Ester bond

A

the result after a condensation reaction, oxygen bond
- covalent

54
Q

Formation of phospholipids

A

same as triglyceride but with two fatty acids and the third carbon of its glycerol is connected to a phosphate group (hydrophilic). two water molecules are released

55
Q

Properties of saturated fatty acids

A
  • do not have double carbon bonds
  • react w/ glycerol to form triglycerides and phospholipids
  • saturated because they contain as much hydrogen as they possibly can
  • solid at room temp
56
Q

Examples of saturated fatty acids

A
  • animal fats (no fish)
  • unhealthy fats and full dairy products
57
Q

Properties of unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated (one bend or multiple)
  • liquid at room temperature
  • double carbon bonds
  • unsaturated because contains less hydrogen than they could
58
Q

Cis-unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • both of the hydrogen surrounding the double carbon bond is on the same side, it creates a bend
  • liquid at room temp
  • lower melting point
59
Q

Trans-unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • hydrogens surrounding the carbon double bond is at opposite sides of each other.
  • makes a straight form rather than bend
  • solid at room temp
  • higher melting point
  • produced artificially
  • serious health concerns have made FDA ban
60
Q

Degree of unsaturation in fatty acids and its melting point

A

more double bonds (less saturated) = lower melting point
- bc its less tightly packed together due to bends (less forces of attraction formed less energy needed to change SOM)

61
Q

What are adipose tissue?

A

composed of adipose cells (adipocytes) which store insoluble fat in the form of triglycerides for long-term energy storage

62
Q

How is adipose used?

A
  • a thick layer under the skin
  • acting as shock absorber
  • thermal insulator
  • when energy is required, triglycerides go through hydrolysis and release glycerol and fatty acids
  • used during cell respiration to produce twice as much energy than sugars
63
Q

How is triglycerides in adipose tissue important for anima;s?

A

twice the energy stored in half the body mass. important for animals that move and animals that fly like birds and bats

64
Q

What is blubber?

A

thick adipose tissue found in endotherms. (birds, mammals; whales, seals) that have to maintain a stead internal temp regardless of environment temp

65
Q

Where is blubber found?

A

between the skin and muscle

66
Q

What does blubber do?

A

same things as adipose tissue
- triglycerides poor conductors of heat so blubber helps trap heat generated by inner metabolic activities

67
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • important structural component of cell membranes
  • the phosphate group attached to the third carbon causes polarity
  • makes a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
68
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas
- in an aqueous solution tend to arrange itself so that the hydrophilic end faces the water and hydrophobic away

69
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

some molecules can pass through easily and some require special transport system
- hydrophobic molecules pass through easily because interior is also hydrophobic
- charged/polar substances need special transport system

70
Q

What are steroids>

A

group of lipids that all have four fused rings of carbon atoms.
- ALL hydrophobic therefore easily pass through cell membrane
- 17 carbon total
- three cyclohexane, one cyclopentane

Biology 101 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions