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Biology 101 > Carbohydrates + Lipids B1.1 > Flashcards

Carbohydrates + Lipids B1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is carbon so important for life? (list qualities of carbon)

A
  • very abundant on the planet
  • backbone of every organic molecule
  • four valence electrons
  • create covalent bonds (very strong, therefore stable)
  • carbon can do single, double, triple bonds
  • can form molecules w/ many diff elements (metal + nonmetal)
  • can form long chains or rings of molecules
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2
Q

What is the element ratio for a carbohydrate?

A

C:H:O
1:2:1

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3
Q

Examples of carbohydrates?

A

glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose, starch

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4
Q

Examples of lipids?

A

triglyceride, phospholipid, fatty acids, waxes, steroids/hormones

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

largest group of organic compounds found in living things. (the sugars)

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6
Q

What are monosaccharides classified by?

A

of carbons.
trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses.

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7
Q

What is special about pentoses and hexoses?

A

they exist in rings but can also exist in straight chain form. Other monosaccharides are linear

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8
Q

What are the common pentoses?

A

deoxiribose and ribose

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9
Q

What are the common hexoses?

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

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10
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose.

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11
Q

What is the difference between the two isomers of glucose?

A

a-glucose and b-glucose’s functional group (-OH) on carbon 1 can be positioned in two diff orientations.
the molecular formula is the same but the structure, chem properties, and bonding patterns.

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12
Q

Properties of glucose?

A
  • polar
  • circulates in blood, dissolved in plasma
  • gives out energy when oxidized used as a substrate for respiration
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13
Q

What are the most important disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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14
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

disaccharide
glucose + fructose

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15
Q

What is lactose made of?

A

galactose + glucose

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16
Q

What is maltose made of?

A

alpha glucose + beta glucose

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17
Q

What are the most important polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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18
Q

What are the properties of starch?

A
  • good storage for energy in PLANT CELLS
  • can be removed from chains + transported away and used in the cell as monomers
  • less soluble due to size therefore water not drawn into cells by osmosis and cause swelling
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19
Q

What are the two types of structures for starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of amylose?

A
  • unbranched chains linked by 1-4 alpha glucose glycosidic bonds
  • the glycosidic bonds form a curved helix shape to the structure
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of amylopectin?

A
  • branched chains with the straight chain linked by 1-4 alpha glucose
  • a branch is linked by 1-6 alpha glucose
  • forms a straight chain structure
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22
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

addition and removal of glucose is faster in amylopectin because there are multiple points of entry for enzymes to break down in hydrolysis.
amylose only has two points of entry.

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23
Q

What are the properties of glycogen?

A
  • energy storage for glucose in ANIMAL CELLS
  • easily removed from chains and used as monomers
  • mostly insoluble in water, preventing osmosis drawing water to swell
  • alpha glucose linking at 1-4
  • branches made by 1-6 link
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24
Q

What are the properties of cellulose?

A
  • structural component in PLANT CELLS
  • uses beta glucose linking at 1-4 but the next glucose is rotated 180 degrees from the previous
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25
Q

What happens as a result of the special linkage between glucose in cellulose? How are parallel chains in cellulose linked?

A
  • the form is a straight chain due to the rotation of bond between glucose
  • parallel chains are cross-linked via hydrogen bonds and form microfibrils
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26
Q

Compare the structure of amylopectin with glycogen and what does it mean?

A
  • more branches on glycogen than amylopectin (more 1-6 links)
  • the higher the # of branches the more complex
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27
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

strong, rigid, and give TENSILE STRENGTH to plant cells.
- prevents them from bursting even under high pressure

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28
Q

What is tensile strength?

A

the max amount of stress withstand before it breaks when pulled or stretched

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29
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

production of macromolecules when monomers join together and a molecule of water is released.
- is anabolic (synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones)
- exothermic bc water changes from gas to liquid, the energy is given out

30
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

the OH of one monomer bonds with the H of another to form H2O. then only one oxygen is left after the bond and an addition of water.

31
Q

What is the bond that is created after a condensation reaction called?

A

a glycosidic bond (strong covalent bond)

32
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A
  • opposite of condensation
  • catabolic (breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones)
  • enzyme + H2O needed to hydrolyze
  • endothermic because water needs energy to turn from water to gas
33
Q

What does condensation and hydrolysis reactions have in common?

A

both metabolic reactions

34
Q

How does digestion happen?

A
  • hydrolysis takes place in the digestive tract
  • decomposers release digestive enzymes into the environment to break down polymers
  • product can then be used as monomers for the decomposer
35
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

membrane proteins with a carbohydrate attached to them.

36
Q

What are glycoproteins used for?

A
  • important component of the cell membrane of animal cells
  • faces outward + recognized by other receptors on the cell
  • cell-to-cell recognition
  • organization of tissues
  • allow foreign cells/infected cells to be identified and destroyed
37
Q

How does blood use glycoproteins?

A

blood cells carry different glycoproteins on cell membranes (the ABO antigens)

38
Q

What is different about the O-blood type and the other blood types’ glycoproteins?

A

the O-blood type does not have any surface proteins

39
Q

What glycoprotein does type-A blood have?

A

acetylgalactosamine

40
Q

What glycoprotein does type-B blood have?

A

galactose

41
Q

What glycoprotein does type-AB blood have?

A

express both acetylgalactosamine and galactose

42
Q

What glycoprotein does type-O blood have?

A

no antigen (glycoprotein)
- the absence of an antigen means that the other blood types’ antibody will not be able to attack it

43
Q

Type-A blood

A

enthrocytes have type A antigens and plasma has anti-B antibodies

44
Q

Type-B blood

A

enthrocytes have type B antigens and plasma has anti-A antibodies

45
Q

Type-AB blood

A

enthrocytes have type A and B antigens and plasma has no antibodies

46
Q

Type-O blood

A

enthrocytes have no antigens and plasma has anti-A and B antibodies

47
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping together in reaction to antibody.
type A donor + anti B antibodies = no agglutination
A donor and B patient = agglutination (antibody and antigen match)

48
Q

What are lipids?

A

large class of organic compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
ALL lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

49
Q

What are triglycerides and phospholipids made of?

A

fatty acids molecules joined to a glycerol molecule.

50
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A
  • the acidic end of the fatty acid is a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) which is polar and hydrophilic (head).
  • the other end of the fatty acid is a methyl group (-CH3) that is non-polar and hydrophobic (tail)
51
Q

What is glycerol made of?

A

3 carbons surrounded by hydrogens and the other side has 3 hydroxyl groups (-OH)
glycerol is polar and hydrophilic

52
Q

Formation of triglycerides

A

one molecule of glycerol bond with three fatty acids in a condensation reaction to make an ester bond with three water molecules released.

53
Q

Ester bond

A

the result after a condensation reaction, oxygen bond
- covalent

54
Q

Formation of phospholipids

A

same as triglyceride but with two fatty acids and the third carbon of its glycerol is connected to a phosphate group (hydrophilic). two water molecules are released

55
Q

Properties of saturated fatty acids

A
  • do not have double carbon bonds
  • react w/ glycerol to form triglycerides and phospholipids
  • saturated because they contain as much hydrogen as they possibly can
  • solid at room temp
56
Q

Examples of saturated fatty acids

A
  • animal fats (no fish)
  • unhealthy fats and full dairy products
57
Q

Properties of unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated (one bend or multiple)
  • liquid at room temperature
  • double carbon bonds
  • unsaturated because contains less hydrogen than they could
58
Q

Cis-unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • both of the hydrogen surrounding the double carbon bond is on the same side, it creates a bend
  • liquid at room temp
  • lower melting point
59
Q

Trans-unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • hydrogens surrounding the carbon double bond is at opposite sides of each other.
  • makes a straight form rather than bend
  • solid at room temp
  • higher melting point
  • produced artificially
  • serious health concerns have made FDA ban
60
Q

Degree of unsaturation in fatty acids and its melting point

A

more double bonds (less saturated) = lower melting point
- bc its less tightly packed together due to bends (less forces of attraction formed less energy needed to change SOM)

61
Q

What are adipose tissue?

A

composed of adipose cells (adipocytes) which store insoluble fat in the form of triglycerides for long-term energy storage

62
Q

How is adipose used?

A
  • a thick layer under the skin
  • acting as shock absorber
  • thermal insulator
  • when energy is required, triglycerides go through hydrolysis and release glycerol and fatty acids
  • used during cell respiration to produce twice as much energy than sugars
63
Q

How is triglycerides in adipose tissue important for anima;s?

A

twice the energy stored in half the body mass. important for animals that move and animals that fly like birds and bats

64
Q

What is blubber?

A

thick adipose tissue found in endotherms. (birds, mammals; whales, seals) that have to maintain a stead internal temp regardless of environment temp

65
Q

Where is blubber found?

A

between the skin and muscle

66
Q

What does blubber do?

A

same things as adipose tissue
- triglycerides poor conductors of heat so blubber helps trap heat generated by inner metabolic activities

67
Q

What are phospholipids?

A
  • important structural component of cell membranes
  • the phosphate group attached to the third carbon causes polarity
  • makes a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
68
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas
- in an aqueous solution tend to arrange itself so that the hydrophilic end faces the water and hydrophobic away

69
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

some molecules can pass through easily and some require special transport system
- hydrophobic molecules pass through easily because interior is also hydrophobic
- charged/polar substances need special transport system

70
Q

What are steroids>

A

group of lipids that all have four fused rings of carbon atoms.
- ALL hydrophobic therefore easily pass through cell membrane
- 17 carbon total
- three cyclohexane, one cyclopentane

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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