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Biology 101 > Enzymes C1.1 > Flashcards

Enzymes C1.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Enzymes are what?

A

catalysts

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2
Q

What is rate of reaction?

A

amount of product produced prr unit time. the speed at which a reaction is taking place.

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3
Q

Substrate

A

reactant being changed in the reaction

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4
Q

Active site

A

bonding site on the enzyme is here reaction takes place

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5
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

structure being formed during the reaction when being bond together. (temporary association)

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6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

complex network of interdependent and interacting biochemical reactions occurring in living organisms.

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7
Q

The types of metabolic reactions

A

catabolic and anabolic

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8
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

building of molecules. energy required. condensation. water released

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9
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

breaking of molecules. energy released. hydrolysis. water needed

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10
Q

Examples of anabolic reactions

A

protein synthesis, DNA synthesis during replication, photosynthesis, synthesis of complex carbohydrates

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11
Q

Examples of catabolic reactions

A

digestion of food, cell respiration (oxidation of glucose/lipids to carbon dioxide and water), decomposition of complex carbon compounds in dead organic matter

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12
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

spherical in shape and are water soluble.
- composed of few amino acids but interactions between amino acids in the structure ensure that active site has necessary properties for catalysis.
enzymes are globular proteins

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13
Q

What is enzyme-substrate specificity

A

highly specific and the induced shape change upon binding results in proper alignment of the catalytic groups.

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14
Q

Induced-fit model of the enzyme process

A

both enzyme and substrate can change shape to fit one another. switches back after

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15
Q

Molecular motion of enzymes and substrates

A

movement is needed for the substrate and active site to come together and COLLIDE.

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16
Q

How does the molecular motion of enzymes and substrates in a solution affect it?

A

greater kinetic energy = greater chance of collision.

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17
Q

Immobilized enzymes

A

unable to move and embedded and immobilized into a membrane. substrate need to do the moving

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18
Q

How is immobilized enzymes used and how does it work?

A

cell-free preparations industrially for lactose-free milk.

enzymes attached to an insoluble material or membrane with the substrate moving toward it

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19
Q

The formation of enzyme-substrate complex depends on…

A

molecular motion, correct alignments, and speed of movement.

20
Q

How does molecular motion affect the formation of E-SC?

A

molecular motion cause random collisions between enzymes and substrates. (due to aqueous solution allowing them to move freely)

21
Q

How does correct alignment and angle affect the formation of E-SC?

A

the correct alignment and angle between the enzyme and the substrate affect the SUCESS of the collision.

22
Q

How does speed of movement affect the formation of E-SC?

A

depending on their molecular size… substrates are usually smaller than enzymes and move faster than them

23
Q

How can enzyme activity be affected?

A

temperature and pH

24
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

high temperature causes denaturation of the enzyme (protein).

25
Q

Why does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

increase in temperature causes vibrations within the molecule and that causes extra energy to end up breaking intra-molecular bonds within the protein.

26
Q

Other than denaturation, how does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

increase in temp can also increase the rate of reaction due to molecules having more kinetic energy (increase the chances of collision, molecular motion)

27
Q

Why can temperature denature or increase enzyme activity?

A

when solution is heated ABOVE optimum, chance to break bonds increase bc it can not absorb anymore heat.

28
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

the temp at which activity of any process is most affective

29
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

pH is a measure for the number of hydrogen ions are in a solution.

30
Q

What does pH tell about the number of hydrogen ions?

A

lower pH = higher hydrogen ions
pH is logarithmic, therefore change in pH by one unit = tenfold rise in hydrogen ions

31
Q

What does it mean for pH to affect enzyme activity?

A

pH above or below the optimum (acidic or alkaline) the structure of enzyme becomes denatured and changed (reversible)

32
Q

How doe substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

increase substrate = increased rate of reaction, bc the changes of successful molecular collisions is increased
at optimum, all active sites are full and max efficiency.
however, anywhere above will do no effect

33
Q

What is the effect of enzymes on activation energy?

A

enzymes allow reactions to be carried out at lower activation energy.
(more reactions carried out and increased rate of reaction)

34
Q

What is activation energy?

A

the minimum energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

35
Q

How do enzymes decrease activation energy needed?

A

by weakening bonds.
after products are formed energy is released

36
Q

Why do reactions need activation energy?

A

need to reach a transition state before completing

37
Q

What is the transition state?

A

intermediate state before being converted into products. bonds need to be broken and need energy

38
Q

The uses of enzymes in industry

A

more than 500 immobilized enzymes have commercial uses

39
Q

Examples of uses of enzymes in industry

A

medicine and biotech, brewing, and detergents

40
Q

Medicine and biotech enzymes

A

contact lens cleaners (remove proteins avoid bacteria), genetic engineering for PCR and polymerase

41
Q

Brewing enzymes

A

clarification of beer

42
Q

Detergents enzymes

A

proteases and lipases to break down proteins and fat stains

43
Q

How is enzyme-catalyzed reactions measured?

A

amount of substrate that has disappeared OR amount of product accumulated IN A UNIT OF TIME

44
Q

What does the graph of enzyme-catalyzed reactions tell?

A

the rate of reaction is not constant during reaction.
fast at first but slows down as reaction proceeds.

45
Q

What is the instantaneous rate of reaction?

A

measured by drawing a tangent to the curve at the specified time.
change in p / change in t

46
Q

Initial rate of reaction

A

When the instantaneous rate of reaction is at t=0.

Biology 101 (12 decks)

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