Proteins

Question 0

What joins amino acids together?

Answer 0

Peptide bonds

Question 1

Describe transamination?(2)

Answer 1

Transfers amine group from an essential amino acid to a different acid group and R group
To make a non-essential amino acid

Question 2

What is gene expression?

Answer 2

Process by which cells use genes to make proteins

Question 3

Describe protein turnover

Answer 3

Existing proteins are degraded to provide building blocks for new proteins

Question 4

What determines protein function?(2)

Answer 4

Sequence of the amino acids

Spiral shape from twist in AA chain

Question 5

What is urea?

Answer 5

Waste produced from excess nitrogen

Question 6

What must be available for protein synthesis to occur?

Answer 6

All essential AAs

Question 7

Which populations require higher amounts of protein?(4)

Answer 7

Children
Adolescents
Pregnant women
Athletes

Question 8

What are some of the challenges of vegetarian diets?(2)

Answer 8

Low in some nutrients

May be associated with disordered eating

Question 9

What is a gene?

Answer 9

Segment of DNA that serves as a template for the synthesis (expression) of a particular protein

Question 10

What is transcription?

Answer 10

When messenger RNA copies the genetic information from DNA

Question 11

What is translation?

Answer 11

When the genetic information in RNA is converted into the AA sequence of a protein

Question 12

What happens during protein denaturation?(2)

Answer 12

Proteins uncoil and lose shape

Function is lost

Question 13

What can cause protein denaturation?(5)

Answer 13

Heat
Acid
Base
Heavy metal
Alcohol

Question 14

What is the effect of a limiting amino acid?

Answer 14

Slows down or halts protein synthesis

Question 15

Where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 15

Stomach

Question 16

What does pepsin do?

Answer 16

Breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and AAs

Question 17

What is gastrin?(2)

Answer 17

A hormone that controls HCL acid production

And pepsin release

Question 18

Where is protein taken from when used as an energy source?(2)

Answer 18

Blood

Body tissues

Question 19

Name methods for determining protein needs (2)

Answer 19

Nitrogen balance

Indicator amino acid oxidation

Question 20

Name good sources of protein (8)

Answer 20

Meat
Quorn
Legumes
Quinoa
Milk based products
Soy products
Nuts
Whole grains

Question 21

What are the health benefits of being vegetarian?(4)

Answer 21

Lower saturated fat
Lower total energy intake
Reduce risk of heart disease
Fewer digestive problems

Question 22

Which vitamins must vegetarians pay special attention to?(3)

Answer 22

Vitamin D
B12
Riboflavin (B2)

Question 23

Explain the protein digestion process in the stomach (3)

Answer 23

HCL denatures proteins
Pepsin activated
Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller PP and single AAs

Question 24

Explain the protein digestion process in the small intestine (3)

Answer 24

Proteases are secreted to digest (breakdown) polypeptides to dipeptides and tripeptides Cells in the wall further breakdown tripeptides and dipeptides to single AAs AAs absorbed into blood

Question 25

Which source of protein has the highest quality?(2)

Answer 25

Animal protein | 90% absorption

Question 26

What are the potential health risks of excess protein?(3)

Answer 26

High cholesterol Bone loss Kidney disease

Question 27

How much protein per gram of body weight should a sedentary adult consume?

Answer 27

0.8

Question 28

Explain the importance of proteins in acid-base balance (2)

Answer 28

Protein side chain can attract hydrogen to buffer acidic environment Protein can release hydrogen to buffer alkalic environment

Question 29

Explain the importance in proteins is Na/K balance (3)

Answer 29

Sodium and potassium balance vital for never conduction | Proteins involved in Na/K pump regulate cell electrolyte balance

Question 30

How does protein maintain fluid and electrolyte balance?

Answer 30

Proteins attracts fluid to prevent them building up in tissues

Question 31

Explain nitrogen balance (3)

Answer 31

Involves measuring nitrogen intake and excretion over 2 week period More nitrogen in than out means positive balance Vice-versa

Question 32

Which part of protein structure does not get affected by denaturation?

Answer 32

Primary structure

Question 33

In the UK what is the RNI for protein?

Answer 33

0.75 g x body weight

Question 34

How many protein decrease adiposity?(2)

Answer 34

Increased thermogenesis and satiety

Question 35

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 35

9

Question 36

What differentiates amino acids from each other?

Answer 36

Side chain

Question 37

What is the primary structure?

Answer 37

Order of amino acids

Question 38

What is the secondary structure?

Answer 38

Folding of amino acid chain

Question 39

What is the tertiary structure?

Answer 39

Folding that results in 3D shape of the protein

Question 40

What is the quaternary structure?

Answer 40

When two or more polypeptides join together to form a larger protein