Carbohydrates

Question 0

Give examples of monosaccharides (3)

Answer 0

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 1

What is a carbohydrate composed of? (3)

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 2

Give examples of disaccharides (3)

Answer 2

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

Question 3

Gives examples of starch (2)

Answer 3

Amylose

Amylopectin

Question 4

What is glycogen?

Answer 4

Storage form of glucose for animals

Question 5

Dietary fibres are the ______ parts of plants

Answer 5

Non-digestible

Question 6

What are functional fibres?(4)

Answer 6

Non-digestible forms of carbs that are:
Extracted from plants
Or
Manufactured in lab
And
Have known health benefits

Question 7

What are examples of soluble fibres? (3)

Answer 7

Pectin
Gum
Mucilage

Question 8

Where are soluble fibres found?(4)

Answer 8

Citrus fruits
Berries
Oats
Beans

Question 9

Give examples of insoluble fibres?(3)

Answer 9

Lignins
Cellulose
Hemicelluloses

Question 10

What are good sources of insoluble fibres?(5)

Answer 10

Whole grains
Seeds
Legumes
Fruits
Vegetables

Question 11

What is the enzyme that begins carb digestion in the mouth?

Answer 11

Salivary amylase

Question 12

What are carbs initially broken down into?

Answer 12

Maltose

Question 13

Why doesn’t carb digestion occur in the stomach?

Answer 13

Stomach acids inactive salivary amylase

Question 14

Where does the majority of carbs digestion occur?

Answer 14

Small intestine

Question 15

What enzyme is used in the small intestine for carb digestion?

Answer 15

Pancreatic amylase

Question 16

Why can’t we digest fibres?

Answer 16

We do not have the necessary enzymes

Question 17

Which hormones are used to regulate blood glucose?(6)

Answer 17

Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline 
Growth hormone 
Cortisol

Question 18

Catecholamines are secreted when blood glucose is ______

Answer 18

Low

Question 19

What is the role of cortisol in blood glucose regulation?(2)

Answer 19

Increases gluconeogenesis

Decreases muscle glucose use

Question 20

What is the role of growth hormone in glucose regulation?(3)

Answer 20

Decrease muscle glycogen uptake
Increase fatty acid mobilisation and use
Increases liver glucose output

Question 21

What is ketosis?(2)

Answer 21

Fat breakdown during fasting state

Forms ketones

Question 22

What is ketoacidosis?

Answer 22

Excess ketones increasing blood adicity

Question 23

Name some carb related disorders (3)

Answer 23

Lactose intolerance
Hypoglycaemia
Diabetes

Question 24

What causes lactose intolerance?

Answer 24

Insufficient enzyme lactase to digest lactose-containing foods

Question 25

What is reactive hypoglycaemia?

Answer 25

When pancreas secretes too much insulin after a high-carb meal

Question 26

What is fasting hypoglycaemia?

Answer 26

When pancreas produces too much insulin even when someone has not eaten

Question 27

What are the negative of diets high in simple carbohydrates? (4)

Answer 27

Tooth decay Increased bad cholesterol Decreased good cholesterol Contribution to obesity

Question 28

What do the enzymes in the microvilli do?

Answer 28

Digest disaccharides to monosaccharides

Question 29

What are the enzymes in the microvilli?(3)

Answer 29

Maltase Sucrase Lactase

Question 30

What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?(3)

Answer 30

Stimulates glut4 translocation Thus assisting glucose absorption Stimulates liver to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen

Question 31

What is the role of glucagon in blood glucose regulation?(2)

Answer 31

Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose | Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 32

What is the role of catecholamines in blood glucose regulation?

Answer 32

Increase glycogen breakdown

Question 33

What is glycemic index?

Answer 33

A food potential to raise blood glucose

Question 34

What do foods with a high GI cause?(3)

Answer 34

Sudden surge in blood glucose Triggers large insulin secretion Followed by dramatic fall in blood glucose

Question 35

What do foods with a low GI cause?

Answer 35

Moderate low low fluctuations in blood glucose

Question 36

What are the issues with GI?(4)

Answer 36

Not always easy to predict | Most foods eaten in combination

Question 37

What is glycemic load?(2)

Answer 37

Used to determine the effect of a food on a persons glucose response Grams of carbs in food multiplied by glycemic index

Question 38

What are the benefits of low GI foods?(4)

Answer 38

Less fluctuations in blood glucose Reduced risk of heart disease Reduced risk of colon cancer High fibre (increases HDL)

Question 39

Which foods have lower GI?(3)

Answer 39

Beans Vegetables Whole wheat

Question 40

How many calories are in a gram of carbs?

Answer 40

4

Question 41

What can affect GI?(2)

Answer 41

Preparation method | Fat and fibre content

Question 42

What is gluconeogenesis?(2)

Answer 42

Body produces its own glucose from protein

Question 43

Why does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 43

This occurs when diet is deficient in carbohydrate

Question 44

What is the issue with gluconeogenesis?(3)

Answer 44

AA can't be used to: Make new cells Repair tissue damage Support immune system

Question 45

What are enriched foods?(2)

Answer 45

Foods in which nutrients that were lost during processing have been added back So food can meet specified standard

Question 46

What are fortified foods?

Answer 46

Foods with nutrients added that did not originally exist in the food

Question 47

Give some examples of nutritive sweeteners?(4)

Answer 47

Honey Brown sugar Sucrose Fructose

Question 48

Non-nutritive sweeteners are beneficial for people with _______

Answer 48

Diabetes

Question 49

What are the health benefits associated with fibres?(4)

Answer 49

Reduced risk of heart disease through reduced cholesterol Reduced risk of diverticulosis Enhance weight loss through satiation Reduced risk of T2D through slow glucose release

Question 50

Carbs spare the use of ___

Answer 50

Protein

Question 51

How can low fibre elevate blood cholesterol?(4)

Answer 51

Less fibre present to bind to bile So less bile secreted More cholesterol is reabsorbed from remaining bile Blood cholesterol levels are elevated

Question 52

How does fibre increase satiation?(3)

Answer 52

Fibre absorbs water This expands large intestine Slows movement of food through GI tract

Question 53

How can fibre reduce blood cholesterol?(4)

Answer 53

Fibre binds to bile Both are excreted in faeces Less cholesterol reabsorbed from remaining bile Blood cholesterol levels are lowered

Question 54

What did a meta-analysis by ________ reveal about sugar?(2)

Answer 54

Morenga 2014 Higher intakes of sugar is associated with increased LDL and triglycerides